Prolegomena zu einer digitalen Paläographie des Hieratischen

Der folgende Beitrag stammt aus dem Bereich der Ägyptologie und greift ein Thema auf, das Stephen Quirke im zweiten Band der vorliegenden Publikationsreihe erstmals präsentierte. Es geht um die Frage, wie altägyptische Kursivschriften mit digitalen Methoden und unter Berücksichtigung ihres archäologischen und kulturellen Kontexts in Zukunft besser erforscht werden können. Seit 2015 widmet sich das Mainzer Akademievorhaben Altägyptische Kursivschriften diesem Komplex und plant eine digitale Paläographie und systematische Analyse des Hieratischen und der Kursivhieroglyphen. Aus den bisherigen Erfahrungen heraus werden im folgenden Beitrag Gegenstand, Methoden, Fragestellungen sowie Kooperationsmöglichkeiten präsentiert und zur interdisziplinären Diskussion gestellt. Enthalten sind grundlegende theoretische Überlegungen, die bei der Erstellung einer digitalen Paläographie für altägyptische kursive Handschriften eine Rolle spielen. Dabei konnten methodische Anregungen aus anderen Disziplinen einbezogen werden. Am Anfang steht eine Einführung in Gegenstand und Methodik der Hieratistik. Danach werden Wege aufgezeigt, wie paläographische Fragen an das Material ins digitale Medium übertragen werden können

Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana TOMRUKLARINDAN KESİLEN DİSKLERİN Heterobasidion annosum s.l. TARAFINDAN KOLONİZASYONU

Bu çalışmada, Bolu, Aladağ-Şerif Yüksel Araştırma Ormanı’nda yeni kesilmiş, 21 göknar (Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana) ağacının tomruklarının farklı yüksekliklerinden alınan 39 adet diskte, Heterobasidion annosum s. l.’ a ait konidioforların varlığı araştırılmıştır. Oda sıcaklığında bir haftalık inkubasyon döneminin sonunda, her bir diskin 5 farklı noktasından alınan konidioforlardan gelişen miselyumda, kanca oluşumuna bakılmış ve bunların % 90,97’sinin homokaryotik % 9,03’ünün ise heterokaryotik karakterde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Heterokaryotik özellikteki miselyumun elde edildiği disklerde, hastalık etmeninin ağaçta daha önceden bulunduğuna işaret eden tipik belirtilere rastlanmamıştır. Kesitlerin alındığı tarihte havada basidiospor inokulumunun var olduğu, dolayısıyla yeni kesilmiş disklerde gözlenen bulaşmanın basidiosporlar aracılığıyla gerçekleştirildiği sonucuna varıldı. Anahtar kelimeler: Annosum kök çürüklüğü, konidiofor, basidiospor, odun diskleri, göknar

HETEROBASIDION ANNOSUM S. L.’ UN ULUDAĞ GÖKNARINDA OLUŞTURDUĞU ALT GÖVDE ÇÜRÜKLÜĞÜNÜN ARAZİ VE LABORATUVAR METOTLARI İLE TESPİTİ

Bu çalışmada, Uludağ göknarında (Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana (Mattf.) Coode & Cullen) shigometre ve artım burgusunun Heterobasidion annosum s.l. ve diğer funguslardan kaynaklanan kök ve alt gövde çürüklüğünün tespitinde kullanım olanakları araştırılmıştır. Seçilen ağaçların yakınında veya çevresinde, H. annosum’ un neden olduğu tipik beyaz çürüklük belirtisini ya da üreme organlarını taşıyan kütükler bulunmasına dikkat edilmiştir. Ağaçlardan alınan artım kalemleri laboratuarda kültüre alınmış ve öncelikle Heterobasidion annosum olmak üzere diğer çürüklük funguslarının varlığı açısından incelenmiştir. Shigometre, toplam 20 ağacın 15’ inde elektriksel dirençte % 75’ in üzerinde düşüşe, başka bir deyişle ağaçta olası bir probleme işaret ederken, kültüre alınan artım çubuklarının sadece üçünden H. annosum s.l. izole edilebilmiştir. Shigometre ve artım burgusundan elde edilen sonuçların birbirinden farklı olmasının nedenleri arasında, diğer göknar türlerinde yaygın olduğu bilinen ıslak odun oluşumunun Uludağ göknarında da görülebilme olasılığı sayılabilir. Dolayısıyla, Uludağ göknarında shigometre ölçümleri üzerine ıslak odun oluşumunun ve çürüklüğe neden olan fungusların etkisinin belirlenmesi için daha detaylı araştırmalara gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Heterobasidion annosum, Beyaz çürüklük, Göknar, Shigometre, Artım burgus

Encoding proposal for an extended Egyptian Hieroglyphs repertoire

This document presents an encoding proposal for an extended Egyptian Hieroglyphs repertoire. The previous version (N5215) contained additional characters that were subject to further review and have been for the most part removed from this document. As in the previous version, this is the result of a detailed analysis by a group of experts in Egyptology, using among other parameters, priority, but also attestation based on original material.WG2 N5240 L2/23-18

TRIF deficiency protects non-obese diabetic mice from type 1 diabetes by modulating the gut microbiota and dendritic cells

The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. In recent years, the gut microbiota have been identified to be an important environmental factor that could modify diabetes susceptibility. We have previously shown that Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), a major adaptor protein downstream of most innate immune Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, is important for mediating diabetes susceptibility in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of human T1D. Here we report the role of TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) in T1D development, as TRIF is an important adaptor protein downstream of TLR3 and TLR4 signaling. We found that TRIF-deficient (TRIF−/-) NOD mice were protected from development of diabetes, but only when housed with TRIF-deficient (TRIF−/-) NOD mice. When housed with TRIF-sufficient wild type (WT, i.e., TRIF+/+) NOD mice, the mice developed diabetes. We further investigated the gut microbiota as a potential cause for the altered diabetes development. Interestingly, TRIF−/−NOD mice had a different microbiota composition compared to WT NOD mice, only if they were housed with TRIF−/−NOD mice. However, the composition of gut microbiota in the TRIF−/−NOD mice was indistinguishable from WT NOD mice, if they were housed with WT NOD mice. The difference in the gut microbiota in TRIF−/−NOD mice, due to cohousing, accorded with the diabetes development in TRIF−/−NOD mice. Comparing the gut microbiota in TRIF−/- and WT NOD mice, we identified changes in percentage of Sutterella, Rikenella and Turicibacter species. Moreover, bacteria from WT NOD mice induced significantly stronger inflammatory immune responses in vitro compared to those from TRIF−/−NOD mice. Further immunological analysis revealed impaired function of dendritic cells and reduced T cell activation and proliferation in TRIF−/−NOD mice. Our data show that TRIF-deficiency protects NOD mice from diabetes development through alteration of the gut microbiota and reduced immune cell activation; however, that protection is over-ridden upon exposure to WT NOD bacteria. Therefore exposure to different microbiota can modify disease susceptibility determined by genetic factors related to innate immunity

COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey dataset on psychological and behavioural consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak

This N = 173,426 social science dataset was collected through the collaborative COVIDiSTRESS Global Survey - an open science effort to improve understanding of the human experiences of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic between 30th March and 30th May, 2020. The dataset allows a cross-cultural study of psychological and behavioural responses to the Coronavirus pandemic and associated government measures like cancellation of public functions and stay at home orders implemented in many countries. The dataset contains demographic background variables as well as measures of Asian Disease Problem, perceived stress (PSS-10), availability of social provisions (SPS-10), trust in various authorities, trust in governmental measures to contain the virus (OECD trust), personality traits (BFF-15), information behaviours, agreement with the level of government intervention, and compliance with preventive measures, along with a rich pool of exploratory variables and written experiences. A global consortium from 39 countries and regions worked together to build and translate a survey with variables of shared interests, and recruited participants in 47 languages and dialects. Raw plus cleaned data and dynamic visualizations are available.Measurement(s) psychological measurement center dot anxiety-related behavior trait center dot Stress center dot response to center dot Isolation center dot loneliness measurement center dot Emotional Distress Technology Type(s) Survey Factor Type(s) geographic location center dot language center dot age of participant center dot responses to the Coronavirus pandemic Sample Characteristic - Organism Homo sapiens Sample Characteristic - Location global Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data:Peer reviewe

Stress and worry in the 2020 coronavirus pandemic : relationships to trust and compliance with preventive measures across 48 countries in the COVIDiSTRESS global survey

The COVIDiSTRESS global survey collects data on early human responses to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic from 173 429 respondents in 48 countries. The open science study was co-designed by an international consortium of researchers to investigate how psychological responses differ across countries and cultures, and how this has impacted behaviour, coping and trust in government efforts to slow the spread of the virus. Starting in March 2020, COVIDiSTRESS leveraged the convenience of unpaid online recruitment to generate public data. The objective of the present analysis is to understand relationships between psychological responses in the early months of global coronavirus restrictions and help understand how different government measures succeed or fail in changing public behaviour. There were variations between and within countries. Although Western Europeans registered as more concerned over COVID-19, more stressed, and having slightly more trust in the governments' efforts, there was no clear geographical pattern in compliance with behavioural measures. Detailed plots illustrating between-countries differences are provided. Using both traditional and Bayesian analyses, we found that individuals who worried about getting sick worked harder to protect themselves and others. However, concern about the coronavirus itself did not account for all of the variances in experienced stress during the early months of COVID-19 restrictions. More alarmingly, such stress was associated with less compliance. Further, those most concerned over the coronavirus trusted in government measures primarily where policies were strict. While concern over a disease is a source of mental distress, other factors including strictness of protective measures, social support and personal lockdown conditions must also be taken into consideration to fully appreciate the psychological impact of COVID-19 and to understand why some people fail to follow behavioural guidelines intended to protect themselves and others from infection. The Stage 1 manuscript associated with this submission received in-principle acceptance (IPA) on 18 May 2020. Following IPA, the accepted Stage 1 version of the manuscript was preregistered on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/g2t3b. This preregistration was performed prior to data analysis.Peer reviewe