Tek doz polen yüklemesinin dayanıklılık sporcularında maksimal oksijen tüketim ve kan parametrelerine etkisi

31 Ağustos 1991'de bağımsızlığını ilân eden Özbekistan Cumhuriyeti içerisinde muhtar bir cumhuriyet olarak varlığını sürdüren Karakalpak Muhtar Cumhuriyeti halkını oluşturan Karakalpaklann tarihi üzerinde müstakil bir araştırma Türkiye'de henüz yapılmamıştır. Bu eksikliği gidermek amacıyla Türkistan Türklüğü içerisinde kendisine küçük de olsa bir yer edinen Karakalpaklann XVI. ve XVIII. yüzyıllar arasındaki tarihi, edebi, sosyal ve kültürel faaliyetleri araştırmamızın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Tez çalışması yapılırken Karakalpaklar üzerinde Türkçe kaynakların az olması sebebiyle birinci derecede Rusça kaynaklardan yararlanılmıştır. Bunlar içerisinde Karakalpaklann tarihini detaylı bir şekilde anlatan ve değişik yazarlann eserlerinin toplandığı 1935 tarihli "Materialı Po İstorii Karakalpakov" adlı eser ilk sırayı alır. Karakalpaklar içerisinde büyük saygı ve sevgi gören tarihçi Prof. Dr. Sabır Kamalov'un eserleri de tamamlayıcı bir özellik taşır. Karakalpaklar, Aral Gölü çevresinde yaşayan bir Türk boyudur. Orta Asya Türiderinin Kıpçak koluna mensupturlar. Uzlar, Peçenekler ve Hazarlar ile kardeş bir kavimdir. Bugün ayn bir etnik grup olarak ortaya çıkan Kazak, Kızgız, kısmen de Türkmenlerle akrabadırlar. Bugünkü Karakalpaklar tarihî kaynaklarda ilk defa XVI. yüzyılın sonunda Seyhun boylarında oturan bir kavim olarak geçmektedir. Altmordu Devleti'nin yıkılmasıyla teşkilâtlanmaya başlamışlardır. Aral Gölü çevresinde Kazak ordalan içerisinde yaşayarak faaliyetlerini sürdürmüşlerdir. Tam olarak teşkilâtlanamamalan sebebiyle, bazen Kazak ordalannm baskılarından kurtulmak için Rus himayesine girmişler, bazen de bu baskılara dayanamayarak Hive, Buhara bölgelerine göç ederek yaşamlannı sürdürmeye çalışmışlardır

Does chlorhexidine affect the shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets?

AbstractBackground/purposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 1% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded with Transbond XT (XT, 3M Unitek) and Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer (TSEP, 3M Unitek).Materials and methodsIn total, 75 extracted premolars were collected and randomly divided into five groups of 15 teeth each. Brackets were bonded to teeth using a different experimental technique for each group as follows: (I) (control): etch/dry/Transbond XT; (II) CHX gel/etch/dry/Transbond XT; (III) etch/dry/CHX gel/Transbond XT; (IV) dry/TSEP; and (V) CHX gel/dry/TSEP. All products were used according to the manufacturers’ instructions. An Instron Universal Testing Machine was used to directly apply an occlusal shear force onto the enamel-bracket interface at a speed of 0.5 mm/min. Residual adhesive on each tooth was evaluated using an adhesive remnant index (ARI). Analysis of variance was used to compare the SBS of the groups, and a Chi-squared test was used to compare ARI scores.ResultsGroup I had the highest mean SBS (16.47 ± 4.2 MPa), followed by Groups II (16.24 ± 4.5 MPa), III (13.08 ± 4.50 MPa), IV (11.95 ± 2.7 MPa) and V (11.16 ± 2.8 MPa). No statistical differences were observed between Groups I and II (P > 0.05) or between groups IV and V (P > 0.05). However, SBS scores for Groups IV and V were significantly lower than those of Groups I and II (P > 0.05). No significant difference was observed in ARI scores among any of the groups (P > 0.05). Prior application of CHX gel did not significantly affect the SBS of orthodontic bonding adhesives.ConclusionsCHX gel is thought to obviate initial caries lesions during fixed orthodontic treatment

Effects of Water Intake on Biochemical Parameters and Performance During Resistance Exercise

The study aims to determine whether water intake during resistance training impacts the amounts of potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) and to identify the effects of the reactions of these minerals on performance. Ten male university students aged between 20 and 23 participated in the study. The participants did five different previously-determined resistance exercises (3 sets of 8RM). During the training program, the participants did the resistance exercises by not consuming water in the first week and consuming water in the second week. (Pre-exercise and exercise days routine food and fluid intake was maintained, fluid intake restriction was applied only during exercise) The participants’ weight, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, systolic and diastolic pressure, lactate, Borg scale ratings, and K+, Na+, Mg, and Ca were determined before and after the exercises. Training volume was recorded. Performing the exercises without water intake produced a significant increase in K+. During the exercises done with water intake, there was a significant increase in Na+. No statistical differences were determined in the volume of exercise done with and without water intake. The study shows that water intake during high-intensity resistance training does not have any effect on the volume of exercise. In addition, the changes in Na+ and K+ parameters do not affect the volume of exercise. Although loss of minerals is statistically significant in exercise without water, it is understood that the total amount of minerals lost is not enough to induce a physiological change or a performance change in the total resistance training volume. Water, regardless of the volume and intensity of exercise, promotes balance of metabolism and prevents performance degradation that can occur during sport events (Murray et al., 1991). For this reason, water should be consumed not only in sports activities but also in daily activities

Comparative analysis of isokinetic leg strength in professional soccer and basketball players

This study aimed to compare and analyse flexion and extension peak torques and hamstring to quadriceps peak torque muscle ratio of the knee joints by measuring isokinetic knee strength in professional soccer and basketball players. Twenty-two players were recruited, which included 12 soccer players (age: 15.8±1.0 years) and 10 basketball players (age: 15.7±0.9 years). After recording the stature, body mass, body mass index, body fat percentage, body fat mass and vertical jump measurement of each participant, lower extremity knee-joint measurements were conducted using an isokinetic dynamometer at angular velocities of 60°s-1 and 240°s-1. Peak torques of the hamstring and quadriceps muscles at 60°s-1 and 240°s-1 were significantly higher in basketball than soccer players (p<0.05 to p<0.01). When the hamstring to quadriceps peak torque muscle ratios were compared between soccer and basketball players, the only significant difference was found in the left knee of basketball players at 60°s-1. However, the relative strength of the hamstring and quadriceps muscles did not differ between soccer and basketball players at 60°s-1 and 240°s-1. In conclusion, body mass has a decisive effect on the production of peak torque values of quadriceps and hamstring muscles in soccer and basketball players. Keywords: Hamstring; Quadriceps ratio; Peak torque; Knee flexion; Knee extension; Isokinetic strength. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 2013, 35(2): 73-82

Sedanter erkeklerde egzersizin kortizol sirkadiyan ritim ve kan parametreleri üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi

Araştırmamızda sedanter erkeklerin kortizol sirkadiyan ritminin egzersize tepkisi, kortizolun zirve değeri ve dip değerinde yapılan egzersizin, kortizol sirkadiyen ritim ve kan parametreleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla 10 sedanter erkek denek çalışmamıza dahil edilmiştir. Test öncesi deneklerin fizyolojik: vücut ağırlığı, boy, skinfold (göğüs, karın, uyluk, ön üst kol, arka üst kol, yan, sırt), beden kütle indeksi; performans: dikey sıçrama, Cooper, ve psikolojik testler uygulandı. Kortizol ölçümleri için I. hafta: 08:00 - 12:00 - 16:00 - 20:00 - 24:00 - 04:00 saatlerinde. II. hafta 1. gün: 08:00 (Egzersiz Öncesi-Sonrası) 09:00 - 12:00 - 16:00 - 20:00 - 24:00 - 04:00, 2. gün 08:00 - 12:00 - 16:00 - 20:00 - 24:00 - 04:00 saatlerinde. III. hafta 1. gün: 20:00 (Egzersiz Öncesi-Sonrası) 21:00 - 24:00 - 04:00 - 08:00 - 12:00 - 16:00, 2. gün 08:00 - 12:00 - 16:00 - 20:00 - 24:00 - 04:00 saatlerinde toplam 32 kan alımı gerçekleştirildi. Elde edilen tüm veriler SPSS programında analiz edildi. Parametrelerin kortizol sirkadiyan ritim ve kortizol düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması için iki yönlü varyans analizi ve tekrarlı ölçümlerde varyans analizi, farkların belirlenmesi için ise Bonferroni testi uygulanmıştır. Parametreler arasında p<0,05 ve p<0,01 düzeyinde ilişkiler aranmıştır. Sonuç olarak, kortizolun gün içi dip ve zirve değerlerinde yapılan egzersiz, kortizol sirkadiyen ritminde değişikliğe yol açmıştır. Akşam yapılan egzersizdeki kortizol artışı, sabah yapılan egzersizdeki kortizol artışından çok fazladır. Fakat toparlanma düzeylerinin aynı olduğu bulunmuştur. Akşam yapılan egzersiz ile sabah yapılan egzersiz kan parametrelerinden lökosit, hemoglobin, hematokrit ve trombosit üzerindeki etkileri aynıdır. Anahtar kelimeler: sirkadiyen ritim, kortizol, egzersiz, lökosit, eritrosit, hematokrit, hemoglobin, trombosit. RESEARCH OF THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF CORTISOL AND BLOOD PARAMETERS IN SEDENTARY MEN SUMMARY The study is to research the effects of exercise on circadian rhythm of cortisol and the effects of exercise practiced at the lowest part of cortisol level and peak level of cortisol and blood parameters in sedentary men. For that reason, 10 sedentary male subjects were participated in this study. Before starting the research, physiological parameters: weight, height, skinfold, body mass index; performance parameters; jump test, cooper, and psychological tests were measured. The cortisol level, first week, blood was taken at 08:00-12:00-16:00-20:00-24:00-04:00 hours. Second week, in 1st day blood was taken at 08:00 (pre and post exercise) 09:00-12:00-16:00-20:00-24:00-04:00 hours, in 2nd day at 08:00-12:00-16:00-20:00-24:00-04:00 hours. Third week, in 1st day blood was taken at 20:00 (pre and post exercise) 21:00-24:00-04:00-08:00-12:00-16:00 hours, 2nd day at 20:00-24:00-04:00-08:00-12:00-16:00 hours. 32 blood samples were taken from each subject. All gathered data were analyzed by the SPSS. Two-way ANOVA, repeated measures of ANOVA and Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons for observation Bonferroni were used for statistical evaluation at significance level p<0.05 and p<0.01. As a result, the exercise practiced at the lowest part of cortisol and peak level of cortisol was changing the body cortisol circadian rhythm. Increasing the level of cortisol at the exercise practiced in evening is higher than the level of cortisol in the morning exercise. However the level of the recovery time was the same. The exercise practiced at the morning and at the evening were the same effect on the blood parameters; white blood cell, hemoglobin, hematokrit and trombosit. Keywords: circadian rhythm, cortisol, exercise, red blood cell, white blood cell, hematokrit, hemoglobin, trombosit

Comparison and Analysis of Isokinetic Strength in Elite Junior Triathletes and Cyclists

The authors would like to thank the participants and their coaches who devoted their time for this study. The physical and physiological tests were determined at Faculty of Sports Sciences at Balikesir University.The aim of this study was to analyze and compare differences in the peak torque, peak power, hamstring/quadriceps muscles ratio and range of motion between Turkey National Junior Team cyclists and triathletes. Seven triathletes (age 16.88±0.64 yr) and 8 cyclists (age 17.38±0.52 yr) were recruited to the study. Measurements of lower-extremity knee-joint movement were made with an isokinetic dynamometer at velocities 60 and 240°·s-1. No significant differences were noted between the groups in the right hamstring and quadriceps at velocities of 60°.s-1 and 240°.s-1. However, a significant difference was observed between the left limbs of the athletes at a velocity of 60°.s-1 in the hamstring PT, the hamstring average curve, the hamstring/quadriceps ratio and the hamstring/weight ratio. The cyclists exhibited higher differences compared to the triathletes in hamstring/weight, quadriceps/weight, hamstring peak torque, hamstring peak torque angle, hamstring average curve, hamstring peak power, hamstring average power, quadriceps peak torque and quadriceps average curve of the left limbs at a velocity of 240°.s-1. The triathletes' left and right limb range of motion was significantly increased compared with the cyclists’ left and right limbs at a velocity of 240°.s-1. In conclusion, cyclists produced isokinetic strength at shorter hamstring and quadriceps muscle fiber lengths and larger peak torque angles compared with triathletes

A practical approach to determine the off-grid conditions for energy storage integrated solar-driven power systems

Due to its nature, solar energy is anintermittent energy source and needs to be stored to continue using it when itis unavailable. This work develops a practical approach for solar-drivensystems integrated with hydrogen systems as an energy storage option in orderto determine the off-grid conditions for remote communities and systems. Theproposed approach aims to determine the minimum PV surface area to meet theenergy demand without requiring grid power. In order to provide theuninterrupted energy of 1 MWh in Southern Ontario all year by solar power, itis necessary to install 1,856,000 m2 solar PV panels with hydrogen production,storage, and utilization systems, including PEM electrolysis, compressed-gasstorage, and PEM fuel cells.</p

Comparison of various heat recovery options for compressed air energy storage system integrated with cascaded heat storage and organic Rankine cycle

The present study deals with the development of&nbsp;compressed air energy storage options&nbsp;for off-peak electricity storage,&nbsp;along with heat recovery options. Three cases based on compressed air energy storage are considered for&nbsp;investigation and compared&nbsp;for evaluation. While case 1 considers only compressed air energy storage, case 2 includes cascaded heat storage for useful heat output. In case 3, compressed air energy storage is integrated with cascaded latent heat storage and organic Rankine cycle for power generation. The developed systems are analyzed based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Results indicate that heat recovery in the air compression process has great potential to improve the system performance. Heat storage option is included in the develped&nbsp;systems to provide opportunity for later use. For a&nbsp;12&nbsp;h charging period and a&nbsp;6&nbsp;h discharging period, the&nbsp;energy efficiencies for cases 1, 2 and 3 are determined to be 30.09%, 44.92% and 33.21%, respectively. The corresponding exergy efficiencies are then&nbsp;found to be 30.09%, 31.15% and 33.21%. While using the&nbsp;heat recovered as the useful output has improved the energetic performance by almost 15%, it has increased the exergetic performance by around 1%. When there is no heat demand on the site, case 3 has great potential to store off-peak electricity.</p

Development and Assessment of a Novel Hydrogen Storage Unit Combined with Compressed Air Energy Storage

The present study concerns the development andperformance assessment of a novel hydrogen storage system which is operated ata constant pressure where it is also integrated with a compressed air storagesystem to supply the necessary pressure needs. The uniqueness of the system isthat there is a two-chamber storage system where the air is stored in onechamber while hydrogen is stored in the other one. These two chambers work in asynchronized manner where one is compressed while the other one is expanded.For example, the air is compressed in the air chamber to expand hydrogen forreleasing to the fuel cell and vice versa. Integration of the compressed airstorage into the present system helps keep the hydrogen storage chamber at thedesired storage pressure. For this purpose, the air is compressed into thechamber during the hydrogen discharging period, while air is released from thechamber during the hydrogen charging period. In order to exploit the additionalbenefit of the compressed air, an ammonia-fueled Brayton cycle is incorporatedinto the current system. Furthermore, this newly developed system is firstanalyzed thermodynamically by using both energy and exergy approaches toconfirm its conceptually correct functionality and write the balance equationsfor system analysis and secondly assessed for its performance through energyand exergy efficiencies. Moreover, the results indicate that the compressed airas a part of the Brayton cycle covers the total energy demands of hydrogencompression and cooling. In terms of storage efficiencies, the energy andexergy efficiencies for the charging period are found to be 72.65% and 71.52%,while they become 35.3% and 35.24% for discharging period, respectively. Theoverall system energy and exergy efficiencies are calculated to be 35.00% and34.38% for a period of 12 hour charging and a period of 6 hour discharging.</p