State of the Art in the Optimisation of Wind Turbine Performance Using CFD

Wind energy has received increasing attention in recent years due to its sustainability and geographically wide availability. The efficiency of wind energy utilisation highly depends on the performance of wind turbines, which convert the kinetic energy in wind into electrical energy. In order to optimise wind turbine performance and reduce the cost of next-generation wind turbines, it is crucial to have a view of the state of the art in the key aspects on the performance optimisation of wind turbines using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), which has attracted enormous interest in the development of next-generation wind turbines in recent years. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art progress on optimisation of wind turbine performance using CFD, reviewing the objective functions to judge the performance of wind turbine, CFD approaches applied in the simulation of wind turbines and optimisation algorithms for wind turbine performance. This paper has been written for both researchers new to this research area by summarising underlying theory whilst presenting a comprehensive review on the up-to-date studies, and experts in the field of study by collecting a comprehensive list of related references where the details of computational methods that have been employed lately can be obtained

O&M Models for Ocean Energy Converters: Calibrating through Real Sea Data

Of the cost centres that combine to result in Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE), O&M costs play a significant part. Several developers have calculated component costs, demonstrating how they can become commercially competitive with other forms of renewable energy. However, there are uncertainties relating to the O&M figures that can only be reduced through lessons learned at sea. This work presents an O&M model calibrated with data from real sea experience of a wave energy device deployed at the Biscay Marine energy Platform (BiMEP): the OPERA O&M Model. Two additional case studies, utilising two other O&M calculation methodologies, are presented for comparison with the OPERA O&M Model. The second case study assumes the inexistence of an O&M model, utilising a Simplified Approach. The third case study applies DTOcean’s (a design tool for ocean energy arrays) O&M module. The results illustrate the potential advantages of utilising real sea data for the calibration and development of an O&M model. The Simplified Approach was observed to overestimate LCOE when compared to the OPERA O&M Model. This work also shows that O&M models can be used for the definition of optimal maintenance plans to assist with OPEX reduction.The authors are grateful to the European commission for funding the OPERA and EnFAIT projects as part of the Horizon 2020 framework. The authors also thankful to Oceantec-Idom for providing feedback to OPERA model’s inputs. A special thanks to Shona Pennock and Donald Noble for their diligent proofreading of this paper

Renewable electricity generation and transmission network developments in light of public opposition: Insights from Ireland. ESRI Working Paper No. 653 March 2020

This paper analyses how people’s attitudes towards onshore wind power and overhead transmission lines affect the costoptimal development of electricity generation mixes, under a high renewable energy policy. For that purpose, we use a power systems generation and transmission expansion planning model, combined with information on public attitudes towards energy infrastructure on the island of Ireland. Overall, households have a positive attitude towards onshore wind power but their willingness to accept wind farms near their homes tends to be low. Opposition to overhead transmission lines is even greater. This can lead to a substantial increase in the costs of expanding the power system. In the Irish case, costs escalate by more than 4.3% when public opposition is factored into the constrained optimisation of power generation and grid expansion planning across the island. This is mainly driven by the compounded effects of higher capacity investments in more expensive technologies such as offshore wind and solar photovoltaic to compensate for lower levels of onshore wind generation and grid reinforcements. The results also reveal the effect of public opposition on the value of onshore wind, via shadow prices. The higher the level of public opposition, the higher the shadow value of onshore wind. And, this starkly differs across regions: regions with more wind resource or closest to major demand centres have the highest shadow prices. The shadow costs can guide policy makers when designing incentive mechanisms to garner public support for onshore wind installations

Operational strategies for offshore wind turbines to mitigate failure rate uncertainty on operational costs and revenue

Several operational strategies for offshore wind farms have been established and explored in order to improve understanding of operational costs with a focus on heavy lift vessel strategies. Additionally, an investigation into the uncertainty surrounding failure behaviour has been performed identifying the robustness of different strategies. Four operational strategies were considered: fix on fail, batch repair, annual charter and purchase. A range of failure rates have been explored identifying the key cost drivers and under which circumstances an operator would choose to adopt them. When failures are low, the fix on fail and batch strategies perform best and allow flexibility of operating strategy. When failures are high, purchase becomes optimal and is least sensitive to increasing failure rate. Late life failure distributions based on mechanical and electrical components behaviour have been explored. Increased operating costs because of wear-out failures have been quantified. An increase in minor failures principally increase lost revenue costs and can be mitigated by deploying increased maintenance resources. An increase in larger failures primarily increases vessel and repair costs. Adopting a purchase strategy can negate the vessel cost increase; however, significant cost increases are still observed. Maintenance actions requiring the use of heavy lift vessels, currently drive train components and blades are identified as critical for proactive maintenance to minimise overall maintenance costs

Maintenance Optimization and Inspection Planning of Wind Energy Assets: Models, Methods and Strategies

Designing cost-effective inspection and maintenance programmes for wind energy farms is a complex task involving a high degree of uncertainty due to diversity of assets and their corresponding damage mechanisms and failure modes, weather-dependent transport conditions, unpredictable spare parts demand, insufficient space or poor accessibility for maintenance and repair, limited availability of resources in terms of equipment and skilled manpower, etc. In recent years, maintenance optimization has attracted the attention of many researchers and practitioners from various sectors of the wind energy industry, including manufacturers, component suppliers, maintenance contractors and others. In this paper, we propose a conceptual classification framework for the available literature on maintenance policy optimization and inspection planning of wind energy systems and structures (turbines, foundations, power cables and electrical substations). The developed framework addresses a wide range of theoretical and practical issues, including the models, methods, and the strategies employed to optimise maintenance decisions and inspection procedures in wind farms. The literature published to date on the subject of this article is critically reviewed and several research gaps are identified. Moreover, the available studies are systematically classified using different criteria and some research directions of potential interest to operational researchers are highlighted

Computational methods and parallel strategies in dynamic decision making

Cada uno de estos objetivos han sido tratados en un capítulo independiente de esta tesis. En el segundo capítulo, un modelo de programación estocástica es presentado para un problema práctico de planificación de producción de un producto perecedero en un horizonte de tiempo finito. Una política estática es estudiada para el modelo. Tal política ha demostrado ser óptima asumiendo una estrategia de incertidumbre estática, que es considerada para instancias con un tiempo de espera largo. El tercer capítulo trata el uso de computación paralela para los algoritmos desarrollados en el capítulo previo. Dos implementaciones fueron desarrolladas para plataformas heterogéneas: una versión multi-GPU usando CUDA y una versión multinúcleo usando Pthreads y MPI. Para la primera implementación la simulación de Monte Carlo (la tarea más costosa) es paralelizada. La versión multinúcleo mostró una buena escalabilidad, una vez tratada la carga no balanceada entre los procesadores. El cuarto capítulo trata la efectividad de heurísticas para un problemas de tamaño de lote de productos perecederos similar. La clásica heurística de Silver es extendida para productos perecederos y se presentan variantes del procedimiento: una analítica y una basada en simulación. Los resultados de la heurística son comparados con las soluciones óptimas dadas por un modelo SDP generado para el problema, mostrando que los costes de las heurísticas son se presentan, de media, un 5% sobre el coste óptimo para la estrategia basada en simulación y un 6% para la aproximación analítica. En el quinto capítulo, se presenta un modelo MILP para seleccionar la flota de embarcaciones óptima para el mantenimiento de un parque eólico marino. El modelo se presenta como un problema de dos niveles, seleccionando la flota optima en el primer nivel y optimizando la programación de las operaciones, usando dicha flota, en el segundo. Dado que el modelo es determinístico, como otros en la literatura que aspiran a resolver problemas con un horizonte temporal largo usando periodos cortos, el sexto capítulo trata la cuestión de cómo la anticipación de los eventos estocásticos como los fallos en las turbinas o las condiciones meteorológicas afectan la decisión de la flota de embarcaciones óptima. Este capítulo presenta una heurística que ilustra este efecto.Esta tesis analiza aplicaciones de toma de decisiones dinámica para un conjunto de problemas. Pueden diferenciarse dos líneas principales. La primera trata problemas de gestión de la cadena de suministro para productos perecederos, mientras que la segunda estudia el diseño de flotas de embarcaciones para realizar labores de mantenimiento en parques eólicos marinos. Los modelos de inventario para productos perecederos estudiados en esta tesis consideran un único producto, única localización de suministro y una planificación de producción sobre un horizonte de tiempo finito. El problema de toma de decisiones para programar las operaciones de mantenimiento en parques eólicos marinos es tratado como un problema de cadena de suministro: la instalación requiere programar operaciones de mantenimiento y atender los fallos en turbinas durante el horizonte planificado. Una flota de embarcaciones tiene que ser seleccionada para realizar estas operaciones. Para este conjunto de problemas, las decisiones no son solo dinámicas, sino que además se realizan bajo incertidumbre. Los principales objetivos de esta tesis son los siguientes: (1) estudiar que políticas de pedido son las más apropiadas para los problemas de tamaño de lote? ¿En qué casos una política de pedido da una solución óptima?; (2) analizar el efecto del uso de computación paralela para mejorar el rendimiento de los algoritmos derivados para diseñar políticas para problemas de tamaño de lote de productos perecederos; (3) explorar como de efectivas pueden ser las heurísticas para problemas de toma de decisiones dinámica sobre tamaño de lote de productos perecederos; (4) elaborar un modelo MILP para seleccionar una flota de embarcaciones para realizar las operaciones de mantenimiento en parques eólicos marinos; y (5), diseñar una heurística para programar las operaciones de mantenimiento en parques eólicos marinos considerando fallos en turbinas e incertidumbre meteorológica

A multi-objective framework for the optimisation of life-cycle costs of wind turbines

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

A Review of Methodological Approaches for the Design and Optimization of Wind Farms

This article presents a review of the state of the art of the Wind Farm Design and Optimization (WFDO) problem. The WFDO problem refers to a set of advanced planning actions needed to extremize the performance of wind farms, which may be composed of a few individual Wind Turbines (WTs) up to thousands of WTs. The WFDO problem has been investigated in different scenarios, with substantial differences in main objectives, modelling assumptions, constraints, and numerical solution methods. The aim of this paper is: (1) to present an exhaustive survey of the literature covering the full span of the subject, an analysis of the state-of-the-art models describing the performance of wind farms as well as its extensions, and the numerical approaches used to solve the problem; (2) to provide an overview of the available knowledge and recent progress in the application of such strategies to real onshore and offshore wind farms; and (3) to propose a comprehensive agenda for future research

An integrated operation and maintenance framework for offshore renewable energy

Offshore renewable devices hold a large potential as renewable energy sources, but their deployment costs are still too high compared to those of other technologies. Operation and maintenance, as well as management of the assets, are main contributors to the overall costs of the projects, and decision-support tools in this area are required to decrease the final cost of energy.\\ In this thesis a complete characterisation and optimisation framework for the operation, maintenance and assets management of an offshore renewable farm is presented. The methodology uses known approaches, based on Monte Carlo simulation for the characterisation of the key performance indicators of the offshore renewable farm, and genetic algorithms as a search heuristic for the proposal of improved strategies. These methods, coupled in an integrated framework, constitute a novel and valuable tool to support the decision-making process in this area. The methods developed consider multiple aspects for the accurate description of the problem, including considerations on the reliability of the devices and limitations on the offshore operations dictated by the properties of the maintenance assets. Mechanisms and constraints that influence the maintenance procedures are considered and used to determine the optimal strategy. The models are flexible over a range of offshore renewable technologies, and adaptable to different offshore farm sizes and layouts, as well as maintenance assets and configurations of the devices. The approaches presented demonstrate the potential for cost reduction in the operation and maintenance strategy selection, and highlight the importance of computational tools to improve the profitability of a project while ensuring that satisfactory levels of availability and reliability are preserved. Three case studies to show the benefits of application of such methodologies, as well as the validity of their implementation, are provided. Areas for further development are identified, and suggestions to improve the effectiveness of decision-making tools for the assets management of offshore renewable technologies are provided.European CommissionMojo Ocean Dynamics Ltd. T/A Mojo Maritime Lt