PENERAPAN HUKUM KIRCHOFF PADA RANGKAIAN EKUIVALEN UNTUK MEMPEROLEH PERSAMAAN TELEGRAF

Telegraph is a machine for sending and receiving messages remotely. Telegraph according to Zauderer can be modeled or expressed in mathematical language, namely the telegraph equation. Kirchoff I's Law deals with currents and Kirchoff II's Law is the basis for analyzing all electrical circuits. The purpose of this research is to apply Kirchoff's Law to obtain the telegraphic equation. The stages in research include: determining the equivalent circuits, making assumptions, applying Kirchoff's Laws I and II to the equivalent circuits, and forming telegraphic equations. The results of this study are to obtain a telegraphic equation which is a partial differential equation with general form

Content analysis: What are they talking about?

Quantitative content analysis is increasingly used to surpass surface level analyses in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (e.g., counting messages), but critical reflection on accepted practice has generally not been reported. A review of CSCL conference proceedings revealed a general vagueness in definitions of units of analysis. In general, arguments for choosing a unit were lacking and decisions made while developing the content analysis procedures were not made explicit. In this article, it will be illustrated that the currently accepted practices concerning the ‘unit of meaning’ are not generally applicable to quantitative content analysis of electronic communication. Such analysis is affected by ‘unit boundary overlap’ and contextual constraints having to do with the technology used. The analysis of e-mail communication required a different unit of analysis and segmentation procedure. This procedure proved to be reliable, and the subsequent coding of these units for quantitative analysis yielded satisfactory reliabilities. These findings have implications and recommendations for current content analysis practice in CSCL research

The NOMAD system : expectation-based detection and correction of errors during understanding of syntactically and semantically ill-formed text

Most large text-understanding systems have been designed under the assumption that the input text will be in reasonably "neat" form (for example, newspaper stories and other edited texts). However, a great deal of natural language text (for example, memos, messages, rough drafts, conversation transcripts, etc.) have features that differ significantly from "neat" texts, posing special problems for readers, such as misspelled words, missing words, poor syntactic construction, unclear or ambiguous interpretation, missing crucial punctuation, etc. Our solution to these problems is to make use of expectations, based both on knowledge of surface English and on world knowledge of the situation being described. These syntactic and semantic expectations can be used to figure out unknown words from context, constrain the possible word senses of words with multiple meanings (ambiguity), fill in missing words (ellipsis), and resolve referents (anaphora). This method of using expectations to aid the understanding of "scruffy" texts has bee incorporated into a working computer program called NOMAD, which understands scruffy texts in the domain of Navy ship-to-shore messages

Comunicación en las organizaciones: contribuciones a las revistas académicas europeas

Studies and research work devoted to organizational communication had, until the last fifteen years or so, remained marginal, but during that period they have emerged to become a major focus for analysis by a growing number of researchers in the Information and Communication Sciences (ICS). They occupy ever greater ground in theoretical debates relating to organizations that had hitherto been covered by neighboring disciplines such as sociology and/or management. Initially limited to the world of business, they have gradually opened out to organizations in general, meaning any established social unit that conducts a set of activities oriented towards defined goals, as with clubs and associations or local authorities, for example. They now address both communication processes observed and the strategic means employed. A large number of empirical studies have been devoted to the issue.Los estudios y los trabajos de investigación sobre la comunicación en las organizaciones, hasta hace quince años, habían permanecido marginales, pero en estos últimos años han cobrado fuerza y se han convertido en el objeto principal de investigación para muchos investigadores de la Información y Ciencias de Comunicación (CCI). Ahora se investiga con fundamentos teóricos propios, mientras que antes se investigaba con fundamentos de otras disciplinas, como la Sociología. Al principio, las investigaciones se centraban en el ámbito empresarial y del negocio, pero gradualmente se han abierto a organizaciones en general, como con clubs y asociaciones o ayuntamientos, por citar algunos ejemplos

Touching Freud's dog: H.D.'s tactile poetics

"Do not touch me", Frau Emmy warns Freud in 1889. "Do not touch", Freud echoes in 1933. This time, he is referring to his pet chow, Yofi, warning H.D. that "she snaps - she is very difficult with strangers". Examining the prohibition in light of work by Jacques Derrida and Jean-Luc Nancy, this article charts the withdrawal that always interrupts touch. Despite Freud's taboo, however, H.D.'s writing seeks to make contact in strange and unnerving ways. Developing Julia Kristeva's account of the semiotic, this paper proposes a literature of touch. Reading H.D.'s poems, alongside Tribute to Freud, and her letters, the author demonstrates that H.D.'s poetics are always haunted by the very (im)possibility of contact

NTP v. RIM: The Diverging Law Between System and Method Claim Infringement

[Excerpt] “Almost thirty years after the landmark decision of Decca Ltd. v. United States, the Federal Circuit had an opportunity to reevaluate the extraterritorial limits of U.S. patent law in NTP, Inc. v. Research in Motion, Ltd. After withdrawing its initial opinion (“NTP I”) and issuing a second opinion (“NTP II”), the court held that a system having a component located outside U.S. jurisdiction could be subject to U.S. patent law. The court held as a matter of law, however, that a process in which a step is performed outside U.S. jurisdiction could not be subject to U.S. patent law. In NTP I and NTP II, the infringing system included a component located in Canada. Ironically, that infringing system was the platform on which the non-infringing process operated. The court’s justification for this result was based on the “collective” nature of systems compared to the “individual” nature of processes. This article analyzes the court’s decision and recommends an alternative holding in order to unify “system” and process infringement law. Additionally, this article examines the history of “system” claims to determine whether their current use as “machine” claims is consistent with their historical use. Given its historical context, this article then evaluates whether a preamble including a “system” should limit a claim’s scope under the current law. Finally, this article evaluates the effect of the court’s decision on communications and secondary-use patents.

Frank Miller: Inventor of the One-Time Pad

The invention of the one-time pad is generally credited to Gilbert S. Vernam and Joseph O. Mauborgne. We show that it was invented about 35 years earlier by a Sacramento banker named Frank Miller. We provide a tentative identification of which Frank Miller it was, and speculate on whether or not Mauborgne might have known of Miller's work, especially via his colleague Parker Hitt

Positioning Guglielmo Marconi\u27s wireless : a rhetorical analysis of an early twentieth-century technology.

This dissertation is a rhetorical analysis of Guglielmo Marconi\u27s wireless. Texts surrounding the invention reveal intersections between technology and society and communicate information about the wireless through tropes of progress. The wireless was seen as a monumental early twentieth-century technology that would change the world by extending communication potential. This dissertation demonstrates that the wireless was created rhetorically before it existed as a black-box technology. Marconi\u27s technical texts, popular press articles, and F. T. Marinetti\u27s reinscriptions are discourses where the wireless existed rhetorically. To borrow Charles Bazerman\u27s definition, the rhetoric of technology deals with the ideology surrounding objects of the built environment ; a culture\u27s attitudes and values help shape the technologies produced by a society. Technologies do not become realized without adhering to a society\u27s values, attitudes, and practices. A system of mass communication existed in the early twentieth century (telegraph and telephone wires), but, almost more importantly, the public was conditioned to embrace new technologies for the sake of human advancement. Texts surrounding the wireless\u27s creation show that certain conditions of modernity—speed, efficiency, evolution, and ahistoricity—appear as tropes of progress in wireless rhetoric. The non-mechanical factors that create or allow a technology to become realized are found in (re)presentations that show the wireless as a product in according with prevailing cultural values. This dissertation is divided into four chapters. Chapter I reviews literature on Science, Technology, and Society studies that offers a theoretical framework for analyzing the wireless as a product of modernity. Chapter II examines three important presentations (reprinted in technical journals) Marconi gave to the technical community that demonstrate four topoi in Marconi\u27s rhetoric of the wireless—cultural pride associated with advancement/evolution, expectations and current successes, economic viability, and patents showing Marconi\u27s ownership. Chapter III analyzes the rhetoric used by pro-Marconi journalists in American periodicals that construct the wireless in the popular press. Chapter IV explains how progress was embedded into Western industrial cultures. Specifically, the chapter demonstrates how the wireless and other technologies fit F.T. Marinetti\u27s love of progressive technologies, which was an exaggeration of industrial cultures\u27 fascination with new advancements

Information asymmetries and financial intermediation during the Baring crisis : 1880-1890

This paper analyses the information structure of European investors on the eve of the Baring crisis in 1890. We argue that financial intermediaries were in a privileged position by having the monopoly of information. This situation led to conflicting interests because business and proper investors’ advice were not always compatible, as they are not even today. Even though spreads in secondary market prices between Argentina’s long-term sovereign bonds and U.K. consols remained stable throughout the 1880s, primary market variables such as underwriting fees or total amounts of “money left on the table” in Argentina’s Initial Public Offerings reflect the deteriorating macroeconomic situation of the country. In fact, this paper suggests that lessons from the Baring crisis can be transferred to contemporaneous crises.Investment Banking, Information Asymmetries, Financial Crises, Sudden-Stops, Economic History

Technology transfer and cultural exchange: Western scientists and engineers encounter late Tokugawa and Meiji Japan

[FIRST PARAGRAPH] During the last decade of the nineteenth century, the Engineer was only one of many British and American publications that took an avid interest in the rapid rise of Japan to the status of a fully industrialized imperial power on a par with major European nations. In December 1897 this journal published a photographic montage of "Pioneers of Modem Engineering Education in Japan" (Figure I), showing a selection of the Japanese and Western teachers who had worked to bring about this singular transformation.' The predominance of Japanese figures in this representation is highly significant: it is an acknowledgment by British observers that the industrialization of Japan-the "Britain of the East"-was not a feat accomplished solely by Western experts who transferred their science and technology to passive Japanese recipients. Yet in focusing primarily on native teachers active in Japan after 1880, this image excludes several of the very foreigners who had trained this indigenous workforce in the preceding decade. Rather than attempting to assess the careers of each of the many international experts involved in Western encounters with Japan before and after the Meiji restoration in 1868, we will focus on disaggregating the highly individualized responses of just some of the Englishspeaking characters. In documenting their diverse encounters with Japanese people and technologies, we will look at the complex phenomena of cultural exchange in which they participated, not always without chauvinism or resistance