Surface sizing with starch solutions at high solids contents

Surface sizing at high at solids contents from 8% to 30% yields up to 75% savings in afterdrying capacity. Decreasing the wetting of the sheet will also increase paper machine efficiency by reducing the number of web breaks. Also, the same afterdrying capacity can be used for both MSP coating and surface sizing at size solids contents of 20%-30%. Surface sizing solids contents of up to 30% have not been used due to the insufficient stability of starch at elevated solids contents and maintaining the binding power of the starch. Also the ability to maintain the amount of starch at the MSP application at very high solids contents has been lacking. Here, both the chemistry of the starch solutions and the application technology used needed to be developed in order to produce the desired applied starch amount at starch solids contents of up to 30% with desired binding properties. The features of the base paper also needed to be adjusted to fit the features of high solids surface sizing. The findings of this study prove that it is possible to use a wide variety of starch viscosities and molecular weights even at increased solids contents. Increasing starch solids contents with more stable starches is therefore not restricted to highly degraded starches only with their lower binding power. When the solids content of the starch solution is increased from 8% to 30%, less starch penetrates into the sheet and more starch remains on the paper surface. The concentration of starch on the surface of paper decreases sheet porosity, oil absorption and internal strength, as well as increases its surface strength and bending stiffness. At very high solids contents internal strength behavior also suggests that starch may locally penetrate into the larger sheet pores. This observation is supported by pore size distribution analysis. The base paper for high solids surface sizing can also be optimized by adjusting the press to dryer web draw. Here, the aim could be to minimize the press draw below 2% when internal strength or air permeability are critical. A method for obtaining more informative starch distribution curves was developed to provide a helpful tool in characterizing the effect of various process parameters on the z-distribution of starch in the sheet. An additional feature of this method is the definition of a dimensionless penetration number Qtot that can be used to quantitatively compare the penetration of surface sizing starch in different paper samples. A novel interpretation is presented of the role of surface sizing starch with respect to the elastic modulus and bending stiffness properties of the sheet. When increasing the elastic modulus or bending stiffness of the sheet, starch may merely promote shrinkage potential instead, which leads – when shrinkage is not allowed – to increased drying stress that, in turn, leads to an increase in the elastic modulus of the sheet and a further increase in bending stiffness.reviewe

Alien Registration- Lipponen, Tahvo (Dedham, Hancock County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/19941/thumbnail.jp

Caavailua! : Toimintatutkimus Caava Oy:n myynnin kehittämiseksi

Toimintatutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kehittää Caava Oy:n myyntiä valittujen henkilöstöjohtamisen osa-alueiden näkökulmasta. Toimeksiantajana oli Caava Oy:n toimitusjohtaja Juha Mutanen, joka perusti yrityksen kymmenen vuotta sitten. Tarve tutkimukselle syntyi uusien myyntiedustajien rekrytoinnin myötä. Yrityksessä suorittamani työharjoittelujakson myötä tutkimusmenetelmäksi valittiin toimintatutkimus. Caava Oy:n myynnin kehittämiseksi valitut henkilöstöjohtamisen osa-alueet olivat rekrytointi, palkkaus ja perehdytys. Tavoitteena oli luoda pysyviä muutoksia ja toimintamalleja näillä osa-alueille. Tutkimus jakautui kolmeen osa-alueeseen: teoreettiseen viitekehykseen, käytännön toteutukseen ja tulosten pohdintaan. Teoreettisen viitekehyksen pohjalta Caava Oy:lle suunniteltiin rekrytointiprosessi, palkkaus- ja palkitsemisjärjestelmä ja uusien myyntiedustajien perehdytysohjelma. Tutkimuksen tiedonkeruu tapahtui Caava Oy:ssä suoritetun työharjoittelujakson aikana havainnointina. Tietoa kerättiin yrityksen palavereista ja henkilöstöltä sekä tarkkailemalla käytännön hallinto- ja myyntitoimintaa. Tutkimuksen päätuloksina suunniteltiin myynnin kehittämiseksi rekrytointiprosessi, palkka- ja palkitsemisjärjestelmä sekä perehdytysohjelma uusille myyntiedustajille. Tutkimuksen avulla saadut myynnin kehittämiseen liittyvät perusasiat saatiin muotoiltua viralliseen ja käyttökelpoisempaan muotoon. Tutkimustulokset ovat tulevaisuudessa käyttökelpoisia, ja niiden pohjalta kehitystyön jatkaminen jatkotutkimuksella on helppoa. Jatkotutkimuksella voitaisiin kehittää myynnin johtamista ja sen tarjoamia työkaluja Caava Oy:n myyntitoiminnan parantamiseksi. Tutkimustulokset saivat aikaan pysyviä muutoksia Caava Oy:n toimintaan ja toimintatutkimuksella oli suuri merkitys yrityksen toiminnan kehittämisessä.The aim of this action research was to develop sales promotion at Caava Oy from the perspective of personnel management. The study was assigned by Caava Oy’s managing director, Mr Juha Mutanen, who established company ten years ago. The need for the research was brought about with the plan to recruit more sales representatives for the company. The Research method was chosen because of my period of practical training done in the company. The aspects relating to personnel management chosen for the study were recruitment, salary and reward system and orientation. The aim of the research was to create permanent changes and operational models in these fields. The research consists of a theoretical section, empirical section and conclusions drawn on the basis of the research results. Based on the theoretical frame of reference, a recruitment process, salary and reward system and orientation program were planned for Caava Oy. The research data was collected from staff meetings, by interviewing employees and through participative observation during the period of practical training. The main results of the research were recruit process, salary and reward system and an orientation program for new sales representatives. These results evoked permanent changes in Caava Oy’s operations and the action research seemed to be significant for the company’s development.Luottamuksellisuus: 3 Toteutus s. 28–41, 4 Tulokset s. 42–46, 5 Pohdinta ja arviointi s. 47–52, Liitteet s. 54–58 salaisia 20.4.2015 saakka

Topographical, structural and geophysical characterization of fracture zones : implications for groundwater flow and vulnerability

The main objective of this study is to evaluate selected geophysical, structural and topographic methods on regional, local, and tunnel and borehole scales, as indicators of the properties of fracture zones or fractures relevant to groundwater flow. Such information serves, for example, groundwater exploration and prediction of the risk of groundwater inflow in underground construction. This study aims to address how the features detected by these methods link to groundwater flow in qualitative and semi-quantitative terms and how well the methods reveal properties of fracturing affecting groundwater flow in the studied sites. The investigated areas are: (1) the Päijänne Tunnel for water-conveyance whose study serves as a verification of structures identified on regional and local scales; (2) the Oitti fuel spill site, to telescope across scales and compare geometries of structural assessment; and (3) Leppävirta, where fracturing and hydrogeological environment have been studied on the scale of a drilled well.The methods applied in this study include: the interpretation of lineaments from topographic data and their comparison with aeromagnetic data; the analysis of geological structures mapped in the Päijänne Tunnel; borehole video surveying; groundwater inflow measurements; groundwater level observations; and information on the tunnel's deterioration as demonstrated by block falls. The study combined geological and geotechnical information on relevant factors governing groundwater inflow into a tunnel and indicators of fracturing, as well as environmental datasets as overlays for spatial analysis using GIS. Geophysical borehole logging and fluid logging were used in Leppävirta to compare the responses of different methods to fracturing and other geological features on the scale of a drilled well.Results from some of the geophysical measurements of boreholes were affected by the large diameter (gamma radiation) or uneven surface (caliper) of these structures. However, different anomalies indicating more fractured upper part of the bedrock traversed by well HN4 in Leppävirta suggest that several methods can be used for detecting fracturing.Fracture trends appear to align similarly on different scales in the zone of the Päijänne Tunnel. For example, similarities of patterns were found between the regional magnetic trends, correlating with orientations of topographic lineaments interpreted as expressions of fracture zones. The same structural orientations as those of the larger structures on local or regional scales were observed in the tunnel, even though a match could not be made in every case. The size and orientation of the observation space (patch of terrain at the surface, tunnel section, or borehole), the characterization method, with its typical sensitivity, and the characteristics of the location, influence the identification of the fracture pattern. Through due consideration of the influence of the sampling geometry and by utilizing complementary fracture characterization methods in tandem, some of the complexities of the relationship between fracturing and groundwater flow can be addressed.The flow connections demonstrated by the response of the groundwater level in monitoring wells to pressure decrease in the tunnel and the transport of MTBE through fractures in bedrock in Oitti, high­light the importance of protecting the tunnel water from a risk of contamination. In general, the largest values of drawdown occurred in monitoring wells closest to the tunnel and/or close to the topographically interpreted fracture zones. It seems that, to some degree, the rate of inflow shows a positive correlation with the level of reinforcement, as both are connected with the fracturing in the bedrock.The following geological features increased the vulnerability of tunnel sections to pollution, especially when several factors affected the same locations: (1) fractured bedrock, particularly with associated groundwater inflow; (2) thin or permeable overburden above fractured rock; (3) a hydraulically conductive layer underneath the surface soil; and (4) a relatively thin bedrock roof above the tunnel. The observed anisotropy of the geological media should ideally be taken into account in the assessment of vulnerability of tunnel sections and eventually for directing protective measures

Commentary1: Living with a Growing Idea

Peer reviewe

Living inside a cultural landscape in Finland

I Finland finns 156 områden som utnänmts till nationellt värdefulla kulturella landskap. Underhållet och utvecklingen av kulturella landskap innebär specifika utmaningar och ett mångsidigt förhållningssätt är rekommenderat. Landskapen bevaras med principiella beslut och därför har inte utförandet lyckats i alla delar av landet. Intressenivån och de ekonomiska tillgångarna varierar, men ofta då frågan diskuteras är det endast landskapets utseende som uppmärksammas. Detta leder lätt till missförstånd mellan landägare, invånare och beslutsfattare, som argumenterar på basis av personliga visuella preferenser och känslor. Denna artikel är ett bidrag till att utvidga diskussionen med hänvisning till biologisk mångfald och odlingsvetenskliga idéer om renandet av nersmutsad miljö

Social entrepreneurship and value creation: Marketing perspective. Case study in European context.

The objective of the thesis was to examine how the means of marketing can support value creation in and contribute to reaching the social objectives in the context of European social entrepreneurship. The phenomenon, recognised to contribute to the objectives of sustainable development and supported by the European Union, has gained more awareness recently with the field growing in Europe. Yet the value that the innovative social ventures produce has largely remained uncharted, partly because of the issues in measuring non-monetary value. The field of marketing in the context has not been the focus of previous research, evoking interest towards the topic especially owing to the field’s ability to solve social issues by satisfying unmet needs. The research gaps discovered in the field might be a consequence of the pre-paradigmatic stage characterising the field and hindering the development of theory. The theoretical part focused on describing characteristics of social entrepreneurship, the phenomenon in the European context and the relevant theories related to value creation, social value creation and marketing in social entrepreneurship. As the social ventures consist of various business models and earning logics with different emphasis on the creation of financial and social value, theories regarding both non-profit marketing and entrepreneurial marketing were discussed. The empirical part was created based on theme in-depth interviews conducted with 31 social entrepreneurs and 10 political decision makers from eight European countries, and the data was analysed using the approach of qualitative content analysis. Based on the findings, marketing in social entrepreneurship can be described by the concept of bricolage with combining resources at hand with flexible and sometimes unplanned processes. In addition, the competitive means of marketing were interpreted to have a value adding qualities into the social venture. The hypothesis of the means of marketing being able to enhance the success of the social objectives was as well confirmed in the light of the findings, with marketing having a central role in both co-creating and communicating value to the stakeholders of the social venture.fi=Opinnäytetyö kokotekstinä PDF-muodossa.|en=Thesis fulltext in PDF format.|sv=Lärdomsprov tillgängligt som fulltext i PDF-format

Constituting Cultures of Compassion in Early Childhood Educational Settings

Peer reviewe