Vesivarojen hallinta Kambodzhassa : resurssit ja suhteet

In Cambodia, water has a special purpose as a source of life and livelihoods. Along with agriculture, fishing and forest use, industry, hydropower, navigation and tourism compete for the water resources. When rights and responsibilities related to essential and movable water are unclear, conflicts emerge easily. Therefore, water management is needed in order to plan and control the use of water resources. The international context is characterized by the Mekong River that flows through six countries. All of the countries by the river have very different roles and interests already depending on their geographical location. At the same time, water is also a tool for cooperation and peace. Locally, the water resources and related livelihoods create base for well-being, for economical and human resources in particular. They in turn are essential for the local people to participate and defend their rights to water use. They also help to construct the resource base of the state administration. Cambodia is highly dependent on the Mekong River. However, Cambodia has a volatile history whose effects can be seen for example in population structure, once suspended public institutions and weakened trust in the society. Relatively stable conditions came to the country as late as in the 1990s, therefore Cambodia for example has a weak status within the Mekong countries. This Master s thesis forms international, national and local interest groups of water use and analyzes their power relations and resources to affect water management. The state is seen as the salient actor as it has the formal responsibility of the water resources and of the coordination between the actions of different levels. In terms of water use this study focuses on production, in management on planning and in power relations on the resources. Water resources of Cambodia are seen consisting of the Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake and the time span of the study is between the years 1991 and 2006. The material consists of semi-structured interviews collected during summer 2006 in Finland and in Cambodia as well as of literature and earlier studies. The results of the study show that the central state has difficulties to coordinate the actions of different actors because of its resource deficit and internal conflicts. The lessons of history and the vested interests of the actors of the state make it difficult to plan and to strengthen legislation. It seems that the most needed resources at the central state level are intangible as at the village level instead, the tangible resources (fulfilling the basic needs) are primarily important. The local decision-making bodies, NGOs and private sector mainly require legislation and legitimacy to support their role. However, the civil society and the international supporters are active and there are possibilities for new cooperation networks.Kambodzhassa vedellä on erityinen merkitys elämän ja elinkeinojen lähteenä. Maanviljelyn rinnalla kalastus ja metsien käyttö, teollisuus, sähköntuotanto, vesiliikenne ja turismi kilpailevat vesivaroista. Kun elintärkeään ja liikkuvaan veteen liittyvät oikeudet ja vastuut ovat epäselviä, syntyy kiistoja herkästi. Siksi suunnitteluun ja kontrolloimiseen tarvitaan vesivarojen hallintaa. Kansainvälistä kontekstia leimaa kuuden valtion läpi virtaava Mekongjoki. Kaikilla näillä valtioilla joen varrella on hyvin erilaiset roolit ja intressit riippuen jo niiden maantieteellisestä sijainnista. Toisaalta vesi on myös yhteistyön ja rauhan väline. Paikallisesti vesivarat ja niihin liittyvät elinkeinot luovat perustaa hyvinvoinnille, etenkin taloudellisille ja henkilöstöresursseille. Ne taas ovat edellytyksiä paikallisten ihmisten osallistumiselle ja veden käytön oikeuksien puolustamiselle. Lisäksi ne auttavat rakentamaan valtionhallinnon resurssiperustaa. Kambodzha on hyvin riippuvainen Mekongjoesta. Kambodzhalla on kuitenkin epävakaa historia, jonka vaikutukset voi nähdä esimerkiksi väestörakenteessa, aikanaan väliaikaisesti lakkautetuissa julkisissa instituutioissa ja yhteiskunnan heikentyneessä luottamuksessa. Suhteellisen vakaat olot Kambodzhaan tulivat vasta 1990-luvulla, minkä takia maalla on muun muassa heikko status Mekongin valtioiden suhteissa. Tässä pro gradu työssä muotoillaan vesivarojen käytön kansainvälisiä, kansallisia ja paikallisia intressiryhmiä ja arvioidaan niiden valtasuhteita ja resursseja vaikuttaa vesivarojen hallinnassa. Valtio nähdään keskeisenä toimijana, koska sillä on muodollinen vastuu vesivaroista ja eri tasojen toimien koordinoimisesta. Tämä tutkimus keskittyy veden käyttöön tuotannon, hallintaan suunnittelun ja valtaan resurssien näkökulmasta. Kambodzhan vesivaroja käsitellään Mekongjoen ja Tonle Sap järven kautta ja tutkimus keskittyy vuosien 1991 ja 2006 väliseen tilanteeseen. Aineisto koostuu kesällä 2006 Suomessa ja Kambodzhassa kerätyistä puolistrukturoiduista haastatteluista sekä kirjallisuudesta ja aiemmista tutkimuksista. Tulokset osoittavat, että Kambodzhan keskushallinnolla on vaikeuksia koordinoida toimia resurssipulan ja sisäisten kiistojensa takia. Historian opit ja valtion toimijoiden henkilökohtaiset intressit vaikeuttavat suunnittelua ja lainsäädännön vahvistamista. Vaikuttaa, että keskushallinnossa suurin tarve olisi hallintokulttuurin liittyville resursseille, kun taas paikallistasolla tarvittaisiin pääasiassa konkreettisempia asioita, kuten perustarpeiden tyydyttämistä. Paikallisen tason päätöksentekotahot, kansalaisjärjestöt ja yksityinen sektori tarvitsisivat ensisijaisesti oman asemansa tunnustamista. Joka tapauksessa kansalaisyhteiskunta ja ulkomaiset tukijat ovat aktiivisia ja uusien yhteistyöverkostojen luomisellekin löytyisi mahdollisuuksia

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