The influence of the MOF shell thickness on the catalytic performance of composites made of inorganic (hollow) nanoparticles encapsulated into MOFs

Herein we report the encapsulation of hollow Pt or Pd nanoparticles into ZIF-8, making a series of composites in which the ZIF-8 shell thickness has been systematically varied. By using these composites as catalysts for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and Eosin Y, we show that the MOF shell thickness plays a key role in the catalytic performance of this class of composites

A MOF@COF Composite with Enhanced Uptake through Interfacial Pore Generation

Herein, we describe a new class of porous composites comprising metal-organic framework (MOF) crystals confined in single spherical matrices made of packed covalent-organic framework (COF) nanocrystals. These MOF@COF composites are synthesized through a two-step method of spray-drying and subsequent amorphous (imine-based polymer)-to-crystalline (imine-based COF) transformation. This transformation around the MOF crystals generates micro- and mesopores at the MOF/COF interface that provide far superior porosity compared to that of the constituent MOF and COF components added together. We report that water sorption in these new pores occurs within the same pressure window as in the COF pores. Our new MOF@COF composites, with their additional pores at the MOF/COF interface, should have implications for the development of new composites

Continuous one-step synthesis of porous M-XF6-based metal-organic and hydrogen-bonded frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) built up from connecting M-XF₆ pillars through N-donor ligands are among the most attractive adsorbents and separating agents for CO₂ and hydrocarbons today. The continuous, one-step spray-drying synthesis of several members of this isoreticular MOF family varying the anionic pillar (XF₆=[SiF₆]²⁻ and [TiF₆]²⁻), the N-donor organic ligand (pyrazine and 4,4'-bipyridine) and the metal ion (M=Co, Cu and Zn) is demonstrated here. This synthetic method allows them to be obtained in the form of spherical superstructures assembled from nanosized crystals. As confirmed by CO₂ and N₂ sorption studies, most of the M-XF₆-based MOFs synthesised through spray-drying can be considered "ready-to-use" sorbents as they do not need additional purification and time consuming solvent exchange steps to show comparable porosity and sorption properties with the bulk/single-crystal analogues. Stability tests of nanosized M-SiF₆-based MOFs confirm their low stability in most solvents, including water and DMF, highlighting the importance of protecting them once synthesised. Finally, for the first time it was shown that the spray-drying method can also be used to assemble hydrogen-bonded open networks, as evidenced by the synthesis of MPM-1-TIFSIX

MOF-Beads Containing Inorganic Nanoparticles for the Simultaneous Removal of Multiple Heavy Metals from Water

Pollution of water with heavy metals is a global environmental problem whose impact is especially severe in developing countries. Among water-purification methods, adsorption of heavy metals has proven to be simple, versatile, and cost-effective. However, there is still a need to develop adsorbents with a capacity to remove multiple metal pollutants from the same water sample. Herein, we report the complementary adsorption capacities of metal-organic frameworks (here, UiO-66 and UiO-66-(SH)) and inorganic nanoparticles (iNPs; here, cerium-oxide NPs) into composite materials. These adsorbents, which are spherical microbeads generated in one step by continuous-flow spray-drying, efficiently and simultaneously remove multiple heavy metals from water, including As(III and V), Cd(II), Cr(III and VI), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Hg(II). We further show that these microbeads can be used as a packing material in a prototype of a continuous-flow water treatment system, in which they retain their metal-removal capacities upon regeneration with a gentle acidic treatment. As proof-of-concept, we evaluated these adsorbents for purification of laboratory water samples prepared to independently recapitulate each of two strongly polluted rivers: the Bone (Indonesia) and Buringanga (Bangladesh) rivers. In both cases, our microbeads reduced the levels of all the metal contaminants to below the corresponding permissible limits established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Moreover, we demonstrated the capacity of these microbeads to lower levels of Cr(VI) in a water sample collected from the Sarno River (Italy). Finally, to create adsorbents that could be magnetically recovered following their use in water purification, we extended our spray-drying technique to simultaneously incorporate two types of iNPs (CeO and FeO) into UiO-66-(SH), obtaining CeO/FeO@UiO-66-(SH) microbeads that adsorb heavy metals and are magnetically responsive

Confining Functional Nanoparticles into Colloidal Imine-Based COF Spheres by a Sequential Encapsulation-Crystallization Method

Altres ajuts: Generalitat de Catalunya for a Beatriu de Pinós fellowship (2014 BP-B 00155)Here, a two-step method is reported that enables imparting new functionalities to covalent organic frameworks (COFs) by nanoparticle confinement. The direct reaction between 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene and 1,3,5-benzenetricarbaldehyde in the presence of a variety of metallic/metal-oxide nanoparticles resulted in embedding of the nanoparticles in amorphous and non-porous imine-linked polymer organic spheres (NP@a-1). Post-treatment reactions of NP@a-1 with acetic acid under reflux led to crystalline and porous imine-based COF-hybrid spheres (NP@c-1). Interestingly, Au@c-1 and Pd@c-1 were found to be catalytically active

Sequential deconstruction-reconstruction of metal organic frameworks : an alternative strategy for synthesizing (multi)-layered ZIF composites

Here, we report the synthesis of (multi)-layered zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8/-67) composite particles via a sequential deconstruction-reconstruction process. We show that this process can be applied to construct ZIF-8-on-ZIF-67 composite particles whose cores are the initially etched particles. In addition, we demonstrate that introduction of functional inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) onto the crystal surface of etched particles does not disrupt ZIF particle reconstruction, opening new avenues for designing (multi)-layered ZIF-on-INP-on-ZIF composite particles comprising more than one class of inorganic nanoparticles. In these latter composites, the location of the inorganic nanoparticles inside each single metal-organic framework particle as well as of their separation at the nanoscale (20 nm) is controlled. Preliminary results show that (multi)-layered ZIF-on-INP-on-ZIF composite particles comprising a good sequence of inorganic nanoparticles can potentially catalyze cascade reactions

Core-shell Au/CeO2 nanoparticles supported in UiO-66 beads exhibiting full CO conversion at 100 °c

Hybrid core-shell Au/CeO nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed in UiO-66 shaped into microspherical beads are created using the spray-drying continuous-flow method. The combined catalytic properties of nanocrystalline CeO and Au in a single particle and the support and protective function of porous UiO-66 beads make the resulting composites show good performances as catalysts for CO oxidation (T = 72 °C; T = 100 °C) and recyclability

The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Nanoengineering composites made of metal- and covalent- organic frameworks and inorganic nanoparticles using encapsulation techniques

La presente tesis doctoral se ha enfocado en el diseño y la síntesis de un nuevo tipo de materiales compuestos basados en metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) o covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) y nanopartículas inorgánicas y el uso de estos materiales compuestos para la catálisis heterogénea. En el primer capítulo se introduce la familia de materiales compuestos dispersos en/sobre diferentes materiales haciendo especial énfasis en aquellos construidos con MOFs y COFs. En el capítulo 2 se presentan los objetivos generales de la tesis doctoral. En el capítulo 3 se muestran los resultados del artículo “The influence of the MOF shell thickness on the catalytic performance of composites made of inorganic (hollow) nanoparticles encapsulated into MOFs” publicado en 2016 en la revista Catalysis Science & Technology. En el mismo se reporta la encapsulación de nanopartículas huecas de Platino y Paladio en el ZIF-8 formando así una serie de materiales compuestos en los cuales el espesor de la cáscara de ZIF-8 era modulada de manera sistemática. En el capítulo 4, nanopartículas híbridas de tipo núcleo-coraza de Au/CeO2 dispersadas en microesféras de UiO-66 han sintetizados usando el método se atomización por secado con flujo continuo. Las propiedades catalíticas combinadas en una única partícula de los nanocristales de CeO2 y Au y la capacidad protectora de las microesféras porosas de UiO-66 hacen que estos materiales compuestos muestren resultados interesantes como catalizadores para la reacción de reducción de monóxido de Carbono. (T50 = 72 °C; T100 = 100 °C) con alta reusabilidad. Los resultados obtenidos han sido incluidos en el artículo. “Core-shell Au/CeO2 nanoparticles supported in UiO-66 beads exhibiting full CO conversion at 100 °C” publicado en la revista Journal of Materials Chemistry A en 2017. Finalmente, en el capítulo 5, hemos demostrado que usando un método en dos pasos se pueden funcionalizar COFs confinando en ellos nanopartículas. La reacción directa entre el 1,3,5-tris(4-aminofenil)benceno y el 1,3,5-benzenetricarbaldehído en presencia de una variedad de nanopartículas metalícas o de óxidos de metal resulta en la encapsulación de estas nanopartículas en un polímero amorfo de iminas-enlazadas con forma de esfera. El Post-tratamiento de estas esferas con ácido acético en reflujo conduce a la obtención de esferas cristalinas de COFs basados en iminas. Además materiales compuestos basados en COF y nanopartículas de Au y Pd han demostrado ser catalíticamente activas. Estos resultados han sido publicados en el artículo “Confining Functional Nanoparticles into Colloidal Imine-Based COF Spheres by a Sequential Encapsulation-Crystallization Method” publicado en la revista Chemistry a European Journal en 2017.The present PhD Thesis has been dedicated to the design and synthesis of a new type of composites of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) with inorganic nanoparticles (iNPs) and the use of these composites for heterogeneous catalysis. In the first chapter, we introduce the family of composites made by supporting iNPs on/in different materials, focusing on those constructed with MOFs and COFs. Then, the general objectives of the Thesis are described in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 shows the results in “The influence of the MOF shell thickness on the catalytic performance of composites made of inorganic (hollow) nanoparticles encapsulated into MOFs”, Catalysis Science & Technology (2016). Herein, we report the encapsulation of hollow Pt or Pd nanoparticles (NPs) into ZIF-8, making a series of composites in which the ZIF-8 shell thickness has been systematically varied. By using these composites as catalysts for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and Eosin Y, we show that the MOF shell thickness plays a key role in the catalytic performance of this class of composites. In Chapter 4, hybrid core-shell Au/CeO2 NPs dispersed in UiO-66 shaped into microspherical beads are created using the spray-drying continuous-flow method. The combined catalytic properties of nanocrystalline CeO2 and Au in a single particle and the support and protective function of porous UiO-66 beads make the resulting composites show good performances as catalysts for CO oxidation (T50 = 72 °C; T100 = 100 °C) and recyclability. The results are included in the manuscript entitled “Core-shell Au/CeO2 nanoparticles supported in UiO-66 beads exhibiting full CO conversion at 100 °C”, Journal of Materials Chemistry A (2017). Finally, in Chapter 5, we demonstrated a two-step method that enables imparting new functionalities to COFs by nanoparticle confinement. The direct reaction between 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene and 1,3,5-benzenetricarbaldehyde in the presence of a variety of metallic/metal-oxide nanoparticles resulted in the embedding of the nanoparticles in amorphous and nonporous imine-linked polymer organic spheres. Post-treatment reactions of these polymers with acetic acid under reflux led to crystalline and porous imine-based COF- hybrid spheres. Interestingly, porous imine-based COF-hybrids with Au and Pd NPs were found to be catalytically active. These results have been reported in the publication entitled “Confining Functional Nanoparticles into Colloidal Imine-Based COF Spheres by a Sequential Encapsulation-Crystallization Method”. Chemistry a European Journal (2017)

Nanoengineering composites made of metal- and covalent- organic frameworks and inorganic nanoparticles using encapsulation techniques

La presente tesis doctoral se ha enfocado en el diseño y la síntesis de un nuevo tipo de materiales compuestos basados en metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) o covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) y nanopartículas inorgánicas y el uso de estos materiales compuestos para la catálisis heterogénea. En el primer capítulo se introduce la familia de materiales compuestos dispersos en/sobre diferentes materiales haciendo especial énfasis en aquellos construidos con MOFs y COFs. En el capítulo 2 se presentan los objetivos generales de la tesis doctoral. En el capítulo 3 se muestran los resultados del artículo “The influence of the MOF shell thickness on the catalytic performance of composites made of inorganic (hollow) nanoparticles encapsulated into MOFs” publicado en 2016 en la revista Catalysis Science & Technology. En el mismo se reporta la encapsulación de nanopartículas huecas de Platino y Paladio en el ZIF-8 formando así una serie de materiales compuestos en los cuales el espesor de la cáscara de ZIF-8 era modulada de manera sistemática. En el capítulo 4, nanopartículas híbridas de tipo núcleo-coraza de Au/CeO2 dispersadas en microesféras de UiO-66 han sintetizados usando el método se atomización por secado con flujo continuo. Las propiedades catalíticas combinadas en una única partícula de los nanocristales de CeO2 y Au y la capacidad protectora de las microesféras porosas de UiO-66 hacen que estos materiales compuestos muestren resultados interesantes como catalizadores para la reacción de reducción de monóxido de Carbono. (T50 = 72 °C; T100 = 100 °C) con alta reusabilidad. Los resultados obtenidos han sido incluidos en el artículo. “Core-shell Au/CeO2 nanoparticles supported in UiO-66 beads exhibiting full CO conversion at 100 °C” publicado en la revista Journal of Materials Chemistry A en 2017. Finalmente, en el capítulo 5, hemos demostrado que usando un método en dos pasos se pueden funcionalizar COFs confinando en ellos nanopartículas. La reacción directa entre el 1,3,5-tris(4-aminofenil)benceno y el 1,3,5-benzenetricarbaldehído en presencia de una variedad de nanopartículas metalícas o de óxidos de metal resulta en la encapsulación de estas nanopartículas en un polímero amorfo de iminas-enlazadas con forma de esfera. El Post-tratamiento de estas esferas con ácido acético en reflujo conduce a la obtención de esferas cristalinas de COFs basados en iminas. Además materiales compuestos basados en COF y nanopartículas de Au y Pd han demostrado ser catalíticamente activas. Estos resultados han sido publicados en el artículo “Confining Functional Nanoparticles into Colloidal Imine-Based COF Spheres by a Sequential Encapsulation-Crystallization Method” publicado en la revista Chemistry a European Journal en 2017.The present PhD Thesis has been dedicated to the design and synthesis of a new type of composites of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) with inorganic nanoparticles (iNPs) and the use of these composites for heterogeneous catalysis. In the first chapter, we introduce the family of composites made by supporting iNPs on/in different materials, focusing on those constructed with MOFs and COFs. Then, the general objectives of the Thesis are described in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 shows the results in “The influence of the MOF shell thickness on the catalytic performance of composites made of inorganic (hollow) nanoparticles encapsulated into MOFs”, Catalysis Science & Technology (2016). Herein, we report the encapsulation of hollow Pt or Pd nanoparticles (NPs) into ZIF-8, making a series of composites in which the ZIF-8 shell thickness has been systematically varied. By using these composites as catalysts for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and Eosin Y, we show that the MOF shell thickness plays a key role in the catalytic performance of this class of composites. In Chapter 4, hybrid core-shell Au/CeO2 NPs dispersed in UiO-66 shaped into microspherical beads are created using the spray-drying continuous-flow method. The combined catalytic properties of nanocrystalline CeO2 and Au in a single particle and the support and protective function of porous UiO-66 beads make the resulting composites show good performances as catalysts for CO oxidation (T50 = 72 °C; T100 = 100 °C) and recyclability. The results are included in the manuscript entitled “Core-shell Au/CeO2 nanoparticles supported in UiO-66 beads exhibiting full CO conversion at 100 °C”, Journal of Materials Chemistry A (2017). Finally, in Chapter 5, we demonstrated a two-step method that enables imparting new functionalities to COFs by nanoparticle confinement. The direct reaction between 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene and 1,3,5-benzenetricarbaldehyde in the presence of a variety of metallic/metal-oxide nanoparticles resulted in the embedding of the nanoparticles in amorphous and nonporous imine-linked polymer organic spheres. Post-treatment reactions of these polymers with acetic acid under reflux led to crystalline and porous imine-based COF- hybrid spheres. Interestingly, porous imine-based COF-hybrids with Au and Pd NPs were found to be catalytically active. These results have been reported in the publication entitled “Confining Functional Nanoparticles into Colloidal Imine-Based COF Spheres by a Sequential Encapsulation-Crystallization Method”. Chemistry a European Journal (2017)