Revisión de modelos de madurez en la medición del desempeño

Introducción: En un contexto tan dinámico como el actual, las pymes necesitan sistemas de medición de desempeño (SMD) que generen información útil, relevante y confiable para poder funcionar eficientemente. Medir la madurez de los SMD es un paso fundamental para lograr su evolución a un estado ideal que permita un mejor control de los resultados y actuar en consecuencia, facilitando la gestión y toma de decisiones.Objetivo: Desarrollar una revisión bibliográfica para identificar y caracterizar modelos de madurez de los SMD, reconociendo entre ellos los modelos más factibles de aplicar en pymes en pos de generar un aporte para el fortalecimiento de dichos sistemas, facilitando así la toma de decisiones efectivas y oportunas en las organizaciones.Metodología: Se plantea el interrogante a responder: ¿cuáles modelos de madurez de SMD existentes pueden ser utilizados por empresas pymes industriales? Para la búsqueda de información se consultó la base de datos Google académico, utilizando ciertos parámetros de búsqueda. Con base en una definición de criterios previa, se comparan los modelos seleccionados. Por último, se analizan y elaboran las conclusiones sobre dichos modelos.Resultados: De los resultados obtenidos a través de la búsqueda bibliográfica en Google académico, se utilizaron diferentes criterios para seleccionar los modelos a caracterizar y comparar. Los cuatro modelos seleccionados fueron: el modelo de Wettstein y Kueng, el modelo de Van Aken, el modelo de Tangen y el modelo de Aho.Conclusiones: Los modelos considerados más adecuados son los propuestos por Wettstein y Kueng (2002) y Aho (2012) debido a su fácil aplicación y el bajo requerimiento de uso de recursos. Sin embargo, tales modelos no cuentan con una herramienta de evaluación, quedando su definición a cargo de la empresa.ntroduction− In a context as dynamic as today, SMEs need performance measurement systems (PMS) that are able to generate useful, relevant and reliable information to manage. Measuring the maturity of PMS is an essential step to achieve its evolution to an ideal state that allows a better control of the results and to act consequently, improving management and decision making.Objective−To develop a bibliographic review to identify and characterize PMS maturity models, recognizing between them the most feasible models to apply in SMEs, in order to generate a contribution for the strengthe-ning of such systems, facilitating effective and timely decision making in organizations.Methodology−The research question defined is: which existing PMS ma-turity model can be used by industrial SMEs? Google Scholar database was consulted for searching information, using certain search parameters. Based on a previous criteria definition, the selected models are compared. Finally, the conclusions about these models are elaborated.Results− From the results obtained through the bibliographic search in Google Scholar, different criteria were used to select the models to be cha-racterized and compared. The four models selected were the proposed by Wettstein and Kueng, Van Aken, Tangen and Aho.Conclusions−The models considered most adequate are those proposed by Wettstein and Kueng (2002) and Aho (2012), due to their easy applica-tion and the low requirement of resource use. However, as such models do not have an evaluation tool, it has to be defined by the company

Revisión de modelos de madurez en la medición del desempeño

Introduction: In a context as dynamic as today, SMEs need performance measurement systems (PMS) that are able to generate useful, relevant and reliable information to manage. Measuring the maturity of PMS is an essential step to achieve its evolution to an ideal state that allows a better control of the results and to act consequently, improving management and decision making.Objective: To develop a bibliographic review to identify and characterize PMS maturity models, recognizing between them the most feasible models to apply in SMEs, in order to generate a contribution for the strengthening of such systems, facilitating effective and timely decision making in organizations.Methodology: The research question defined is: which existing PMS maturity model can be used by industrial SMEs? Google Scholar database was consulted for searching information, using certain search parameters. Based on a previous criteria definition, the selected models are compared. Finally, the conclusions about these models are elaborated.Results: From the results obtained through the bibliographic search in Google Scholar, different criteria were used to select the models to be characterized and compared. The four models selected were the proposed by Wettstein and Kueng, Van Aken, Tangen and Aho.Conclusions: The models considered most adequate are those proposed by Wettstein and Kueng (2002) and Aho (2012), due to their easy application and the low requirement of resource use. However, as such models do not have an evaluation tool, it has to be defined by the company.Introducción: En un contexto tan dinámico como el actual, las pymes necesitan sistemas de medición de desempeño (SMD) que generen información útil, relevante y confiable para poder funcionar eficientemente. Medir la madurez de los SMD es un paso fundamental para lograr su evolución a un estado ideal que permita un mejor control de los resultados y actuar en consecuencia, facilitando la gestión y toma de decisiones.Objetivo: Desarrollar una revisión bibliográfica para identificar y caracterizar modelos de madurez de los SMD, reconociendo entre ellos los modelos más factibles de aplicar en pymes en pos de generar un aporte para el fortalecimiento de dichos sistemas, facilitando así la toma de decisiones efectivas y oportunas en las organizaciones.Metodología: Se plantea el interrogante a responder: ¿cuáles modelos de madurez de SMD existentes pueden ser utilizados por empresas pymes industriales? Para la búsqueda de información se consultó la base de datos Google académico, utilizando ciertos parámetros de búsqueda. Con base en una definición de criterios previa, se comparan los modelos seleccionados. Por último, se analizan y elaboran las conclusiones sobre dichos modelos.Resultados: De los resultados obtenidos a través de la búsqueda bibliográfica en Google académico, se utilizaron diferentes criterios para seleccionar los modelos a caracterizar y comparar. Los cuatro modelos seleccionados fueron: el modelo de Wettstein y Kueng, el modelo de Van Aken, el modelo de Tangen y el modelo de Aho.Conclusiones: Los modelos considerados más adecuados son los propuestos por Wettstein y Kueng (2002) y Aho (2012) debido a su fácil aplicación y el bajo requerimiento de uso de recursos. Sin embargo, tales modelos no cuentan con una herramienta de evaluación, quedando su definición a cargo de la empresa

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Characterizing carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from Spain: high genetic heterogeneity and wide geographical spread

IntroductionCarbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli (CP-Eco) isolates, though less prevalent than other CP-Enterobacterales, have the capacity to rapidly disseminate antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and cause serious difficult-to-treat infections. The aim of this study is phenotypically and genotypically characterizing CP-Eco isolates collected from Spain to better understand their resistance mechanisms and population structure.MethodsNinety representative isolates received from 2015 to 2020 from 25 provinces and 59 hospitals Spanish hospitals were included. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined according to EUCAST guidelines and whole-genome sequencing was performed. Antibiotic resistance and virulence-associated genes, phylogeny and population structure, and carbapenemase genes-carrying plasmids were analyzed.Results and discussionThe 90 CP-Eco isolates were highly polyclonal, where the most prevalent was ST131, detected in 14 (15.6%) of the isolates. The carbapenemase genes detected were blaOXA-48 (45.6%), blaVIM-1 (23.3%), blaNDM-1 (7.8%), blaKPC-3 (6.7%), and blaNDM-5 (6.7%). Forty (44.4%) were resistant to 6 or more antibiotic groups and the most active antibiotics were colistin (98.9%), plazomicin (92.2%) and cefiderocol (92.2%). Four of the seven cefiderocol-resistant isolates belonged to ST167 and six harbored blaNDM. Five of the plazomicin-resistant isolates harbored rmt. IncL plasmids were the most frequent (45.7%) and eight of these harbored blaVIM-1. blaOXA-48 was found in IncF plasmids in eight isolates. Metallo-β-lactamases were more frequent in isolates with resistance to six or more antibiotic groups, with their genes often present on the same plasmid/integron. ST131 isolates were associated with sat and pap virulence genes. This study highlights the genetic versatility of CP-Eco and its potential to disseminate ARGs and cause community and nosocomial infections

Indoors ventilation in times of confinement by SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: A comparative approach between Spain and Italy

With the arrival of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, the scientific academia, as well as policymakers, are striving to conceive solutions as an attempt to contain the spreading of contagion. Among the adopted measures, severe lockdown restrictions were issued to avoid the diffusion of the virus in an uncontrolled way through public spaces. It can be deduced from recent literature that the primary route of transmission is via aerosols, produced mainly in poorly ventilated interior areas where infected people spend a lot of time with other people. Concerning contagion rates, accumulated incidence or number of hospitalizations due to COVID-19, Spain, and Italy have reached very high levels. In this framework, a regression analysis to assess the feasibility of the indoor ventilation measures established in Spain and Italy, with respect to the European framework, is here presented. To this aim, ten cases of housing typology were and analyzed. The results show that the measures established in the applicable regulations to prevent and control the risk of contagion by aerosols are not adequate to guarantee a healthy environment indoors. The current Italian guidelines are more restrictive than in Spain, yet the ventilation levels are still insufficient in times of pandemic