Risks in circular business models innovation: A cross-industrial case study for composite materials

Circular business models (CBMs) are key enablers to implement circular economy (CE), yet they entail risks, which often discourage organisations. This work aims to explore the main risk factors perceived by the manufacturing industry in transitioning to CBMs to enable the development of appropriate risk management strategies. A cross- industrial multiple-case study research design was used to explore risk factors across seven organisations planning the transition to CBMs for composite-based products and involving three different CBM types—‘Circular Supplies’, ‘Product Life Extension’ and ‘Hybrid’. Results evidenced that risks are multi-disciplinary but are not equally per- ceived across different CBM types. Customers' perceptions of CE products, economic cycle and take-back systems were prevalent across all CBMs. Supply and technological risks were prioritised for ‘Circular Supplies’ CBM, whereas political and regulatory risks for ‘Product Life Extension’ CBM. This research contributes to the CE field by evaluating and prioritising the perceived risk factors in transitioning to CBMs and first disaggregating such risk factors according to CBM types. Critical risk patterns identified across different industries and CBM types enable mitigating actions to be prioritised

Penataan Kepemilikan Tanah Pertanian secara Absentee melalui Program Kartu Tanda Penduduk Eletronik (Ktp-el)

Pasal 3 ayat (1) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 224 tahun 1961 jo. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 41 tahun 1964 menyatakan adanya larangan kepemilikan tanah pertanian secara absentee. Dalam prakteknya, kepemilikan tanah pertanian yang dimiliki oleh penduduk asli wilayah tempat tanah pertanian tersebut sudah berpindah ke pihak lain, diluar dari tempat kedudukan tanah tersebut. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena adanya kekosongan norma dalam pasal tersebut sehingga terjadi banyak pelanggaran dan penyelundupan hukum karena digunakannya surat keterangan domisili dan Kartu Tanda Penduduk palsu untuk memalsukan domisili orang yang akan membeli tanah pertanian. Adapun rumusan masalah yang akan dibahas dalam tesis ini adalah 1). bagaimana keberadaan KTP-el terhadap larangan kepemilikan tanah secara absentee? 2). bagaimana keberadaan larangan kepemilikan tanah secara absentee dengan adanya KTP-el dikaitkan dengan program pengampunan pajak?             Jenis penelitian ini ialah penelitian hukum normatif karena beranjak dari kekosongan norma terkait dengan larangan kepemilikan tanah pertanian secara absentee yaitu pada Pasal 3 PP Nomor 224 tahun 1961. Pendekatan yang digunakan ialah pendekatan Perundang-undangan, pendekatan konsep dan pendekatan historis yang berkaitan dengan tesis ini. Sumber bahan hukum pada tesis ini berupa sumber bahan hukum primer dan sekunder yang berkaitan dengan tesis ini. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum dilakukan dengan cara membaca dan mencatat liteatur-literatur yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan dan kemudian akan disajikan dengan deskripif analitis.             Hasil Penelitian terhadap permasalahan yang dikaji adalah Berlakunya KTP-el mencegah adanya kepemilikan tanah pertanian secara Absentee. Setiap penduduk hanya bisa memiliki 1 NIK. KTP-el juga dapat menanggulangi adanya kepemilikan tanah pertanian secara absentee. Terbitnya KTP-el memberikan kejelasan mengenai domisili seseorang, sehingga panitia yang bertugas untuk mengawasi program landreform khususnya mengenai program absentee akan mudah untuk mendata tanah-tanah pertanian yang dimiliki secara absentee. Setelah data-data tersebut diperoleh, maka tanah-tanah pertanian yang dimiliki secara absentee dapat didistribusikan kepada petani dalam rangka landreform. Program pengampunan pajak akan membantu mendata adanya kepemilikan tanah pertanian secara absentee. Setelah data-data mengenai kepemilikan tanah pertanian secara absentee sudah didapat, tanah-tanah pertanian tersebut dapat dikontribusikan sesuai dengan aturan yang berlaku. Dengan adanya Program pengampunan pajak dapat menertibkan kepemilikan tanah pertanian secara absentee.  Kata kunci : Kepemilikan, tanah pertanian, pengampunan pajak, kartu tanda penduduk

Sperm competition intensity affects sperm precedence patterns in a polyandrous gift-giving spider

Abstract Sperm competition drives traits that enhance fertilization success. The amount of sperm transferred relative to competitors is key for attaining paternity. Female reproductive morphology and male mating order may also influence fertilization, however the outcome for sperm precedence under intense sperm competition remains poorly understood. In the polyandrous spider Pisaura mirabilis, males offer nuptial gifts which prolong copulation and increase sperm transfer, factors proposed to alter sperm precedence patterns under strong sperm competition. First, we assessed the degree of female polyandry by genotyping wild broods. A conservative analysis identified up to four sires, with a mean of two sires per brood, consistent with an optimal mating female rate. Then we asked whether intense sperm competition shifts sperm precedence patterns from first male priority, as expected from female morphology, to last male advantage. We varied sexual selection intensity experimentally and determined competitive fertilization outcome by genotyping broods. In double matings, one male monopolised paternity regardless of mating order. A mating order effect with first male priority was revealed when females were mated to four males, however this effect disappeared when females were mated to six males, probably due to increased sperm mixing. The proportion of males that successfully sired offspring drastically decreased with the number of competitors. Longer copulations translated into higher paternity shares independently of mating order, reinforcing the advantage of traits that prolong copulation duration under intense competition, such as the nuptial gift. Sperm competition intensity enhances the impact of competitive sexual traits and imposes multiple effects on paternity

Supporting product distribution decisions of smallholder farmers

Smallholder farmers are usually very constrained in terms of market access, due to, among other factors, the low production volumes and subsequent lack of economies of scale, variable quality, difficulty in planning and unavailability of distribution channels. In some countries, alternative markets have emerged, in order to facilitate smallholder farmers’ access to markets. These can take the form of government feeding programs, that aim at providing an outlet for the smallholder farmer products, giving them priority in supplying public sector organisations. Such a program is the PNAE in Brazil, where local smallholder farmers can supply schools with raw materials for meals. This work aims to support smallholder farmers in distribution related decision-making. More specifically, it aims to allow farmers to maximise the profit from their participation in the government feeding programs through guiding them in the complex supply decision-making and product distribution planning processes. The paper presents the related method developed, as well as the results from a preliminary application of the method in a case study of a rural settlement in Brazil

DESENVOLVIMENTO E ANÁLISE SENSORIAL DE BARRA DE CEREAIS FORMULADAS COM INGREDIENTES REGIONAIS (MILHO E ERVA-MATE)

Nas últimas décadas, com a mudança no estilo de vida das pessoas, alimentos saudáveis e convenientes estão ganhando cada vez mais espaço no mercado, sendo as barras de cereais um bom exemplo desse tipo de produto. Considerando que 90% do consumo da erva-mate estão focados na forma de bebidas tradicionais como o tererê e o chimarrão e que a demanda de milho é ainda destinada principalmente à alimentação animal este trabalho visou agregar valor a estas matérias-primas regionais, buscando a inovação com o desenvolvimento de produtos diferenciados e que atendam a consumidores cada vez mais exigentes. Dentro deste contexto e considerando o crescimento do segmento de barras de cereais no setor de alimentos, este projeto desenvolveu barras de cereais aproveitando e valorizando matérias-primas regionais, para viabilizar o aumento da competitividade por meio da inovação tecnológica

ELABORAÇÃO DE BISCOITO TIPO COOKIE SEM GLÚTEN, À BASE DE MILHO, ARROZ E MANDIOCA

O objetivo deste projeto está relacionado com o desenvolvimento de um biscoito nutritivo do tipo cookie a partir de ingredientes como milho, arroz, polvilho de mandioca e grãos, isentos de glúten, substância intolerável para celíacos. O desenvolvimento deste projeto visa a utilização de matérias-primas cultivadas em Santa Catarina de forma a agregar valor e diversificar as opções de aplicação e emprego das mesmas, buscando a inovação com o desenvolvimento de produtos diferenciados e que atendam a consumidores cada vez mais exigentes

Moderate Multiple Parentage and Low Genetic Variation Reduces the Potential for Genetic Incompatibility Avoidance Despite High Risk of Inbreeding

Background: Polyandry is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. In the absence of direct benefits of mating with different males, the underlying basis for polyandry is enigmatic because it can carry considerable costs such as elevated exposure to sexual diseases, physical injury or other direct fitness costs. Such costs may be balanced by indirect genetic benefits to the offspring of polyandrous females. We investigated polyandry and patterns of parentage in the spider Stegodyphus lineatus. This species experiences relatively high levels of inbreeding as a result of its spatial population structure, philopatry and limited male mating dispersal. Polyandry may provide an opportunity for post mating inbreeding avoidance that reduces the risk of genetic incompatibilities arising from incestuous matings. However, multiple mating carries direct fitness costs to females suggesting that genetic benefits must be substantial to counter direct costs. Methodology/Principal Findings: Genetic parentage analyses in two populations from Israel and a Greek island, showed mixed-brood parentage in approximately 50 % of the broods. The number of fathers ranged from 1–2 indicating low levels of multiple parentage and there was no evidence for paternity bias in mixed-broods from both populations. Microsatellite loci variation suggested limited genetic variation within populations, especially in the Greek island population. Relatedness estimates among females in the maternal generation and potentially interacting individuals were substantial indicating fullsib and half-sib relationships

A systematic map of studies testing the relationship between temperature and animal reproduction

Funding: This work was funded by the European Society for Evolution (which funds a Special Topic Network on Evolutionary Ecology of Thermal Fertility Limits to CF, AB, RRS and TARP), the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/P002692/1 to TARP, AB and RRS, NE/X011550/1 to LRD and TARP), the Biotechnology and \Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/W016753/1 to AB, TARP and RRS) and a Heisenberg fellowship from the German Research Foundation (FR 2973/11-1 to CF).1. Exposure to extreme temperatures can negatively affect animal reproduction, by disrupting the ability of individuals to produce any offspring (fertility), or the number of offspring produced by fertile individuals (fecundity). This has important ecological consequences, because reproduction is the ultimate measure of population fitness: a reduction in reproductive output lowers the population growth rate and increases the extinction risk. Despite this importance, there have been no large‐scale summaries of the evidence for effect of temperature on reproduction. 2. We provide a systematic map of studies testing the relationship between temperature and animal reproduction. We systematically searched for published studies that statistically test for a direct link between temperature and animal reproduction, in terms of fertility, fecundity or indirect measures of reproductive potential (gamete and gonad traits). 3. Overall, we collated a large and rich evidence base, with 1654 papers that met our inclusion criteria, encompassing 1191 species. 4. The map revealed several important research gaps. Insects made up almost half of the dataset, but reptiles and amphibians were uncommon, as were non‐arthropod invertebrates. Fecundity was the most common reproductive trait examined, and relatively few studies measured fertility. It was uncommon for experimental studies to test exposure of different life stages, exposure to short‐term heat or cold shock, exposure to temperature fluctuations, or to independently assess male and female effects. Studies were most often published in journals focusing on entomology and pest control, ecology and evolution, aquaculture and fisheries science, and marine biology. Finally, while individuals were sampled from every continent, there was a strong sampling bias towards mid‐latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, such that the tropics and polar regions are less well sampled. 5. This map reveals a rich literature of studies testing the relationship between temperature and animal reproduction, but also uncovers substantial missing treatment of taxa, traits, and thermal regimes. This database will provide a valuable resource for future quantitative meta‐analyses, and direct future studies aiming to fill identified gaps.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

A systematic map of studies testing the relationship between temperature and animal reproduction

1. Exposure to extreme temperatures can negatively affect animal reproduction, by disrupting the ability of individuals to produce any offspring (fertility), or the number of offspring produced by fertile individuals (fecundity). This has important ecological consequences, because reproduction is the ultimate measure of population fitness: a reduction in reproductive output lowers the population growth rate and increases the extinction risk. Despite this importance, there have been no large-scale summaries of the evidence for effect of temperature on reproduction. 2. We provide a systematic map of studies testing the relationship between temperature and animal reproduction. We systematically searched for published studies that statistically test for a direct link between temperature and animal reproduction, in terms of fertility, fecundity or indirect measures of reproductive potential (gamete and gonad traits). 3. Overall, we collated a large and rich evidence base, with 1654 papers that met our inclusion criteria, encompassing 1191 species. 4. The map revealed several important research gaps. Insects made up almost half of the dataset, but reptiles and amphibians were uncommon, as were non-arthropod invertebrates. Fecundity was the most common reproductive trait examined, and relatively few studies measured fertility. It was uncommon for experimental studies to test exposure of different life stages, exposure to short-term heat or cold shock, exposure to temperature fluctuations, or to independently assess male and female effects. Studies were most often published in journals focusing on entomology and pest control, ecology and evolution, aquaculture and fisheries science, and marine biology. Finally, while individuals were sampled from every continent, there was a strong sampling bias towards mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, such that the tropics and polar regions are less well sampled. 5. This map reveals a rich literature of studies testing the relationship between temperature and animal reproduction, but also uncovers substantial missing treatment of taxa, traits, and thermal regimes. This database will provide a valuable resource for future quantitative meta-analyses, and direct future studies aiming to fill identified gaps