Multidisciplinary teaching of Biotechnology and Omics sciences

In the last years, there was a great boom in the Omics fields that have developed as multidisciplinary sciences. They use laboratory techniques related to Biology and Chemistry but also Bioinformatics tools. However, the developmental progress of these disciplines has led that much of undergraduate studies related to Biology have curricula that become outdated. From this point of view, it is necessary to focus the students to the fundamentals and techniques of complementary disciplines that will be essentials for the understanding of the Omics sciences. In the present work, we have developed a new teaching approach for Biochemistry, Biology and Bioinformatics students. They formed interdisciplinary working groups. These groups have prepared and presented communications about different techniques or methods in Molecular Biology, Omics or Bioinformatics participating in a technical meeting. This learning strategy “I do and I learn” has enabled to the students a first contact with the scientific communication including the approach to the scientific literature to acquire technical knowledge. The cooperation between students from different disciplines has enriched their point of view and even has been used in some practical master’s works.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Caracterización de la asparraginasa de pino: implicaciones en el desarrollo del sistema vascular

La asparragina es un metabolito clave en plantas para el transporte y reserva temporal de nitrógeno. La principal vía de movilización del nitrógeno contenido en el grupo amido de la asparragina implica a la enzima asparraginasa (ASPG, EC 3.5.1.1), especialmente en tejidos que demandan altas cantidades de este elemento, tales como semillas en desarrollo y hojas jóvenes. Durante el desarrollo y crecimiento del tronco de los árboles, éstos afrontan un consumo masivo de carbono y nitrógeno para proveer la síntesis de celulosa y lignina. Estudios previos han demostrado que la expresión del gen de asparraginasa en el pino está asociada al intensivo desarrollo del sistema vascular que se produce en el tallo de las plántulas una vez que ésta ha agotado las reservas de la semilla, y que su expresión está confinada a las células de la región del cambium (1). La observación de que este gen se expresa también en células de xilema secundario en diferenciación de árbol adulto sugiere que la ASPG podría jugar un papel importante en el desarrollo vascular y ser de gran relevancia en la producción de biomasa. Aunque conocemos, en líneas generales, la implicación de la asparraginasa en el transporte y movilización de nitrógeno, desconocemos los mecanismos moleculares que controlan espacial y temporalmente su actividad. En nuestro grupo seguimos diferentes aproximaciones para dilucidar el control transcripcional y post-transcripcional de esta enzima y su implicación en el desarrollo del sistema vascular. Nuestros objetivos específicos son determinar las características del procesado y activación de la asparraginasa de pino y los factores que regulan la expresión génica asociada al desarrollo vascular.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. BIO2012-33797, AGL9-12139C0202, AP2010-543

Aspectos estructurales y funcionales de la asparraginasa en pino

La asparragina es un metabolito clave en plantas para el transporte y reserva temporal de nitrógeno. La principal vía de movilización del nitrógeno contenido en el grupo amido de este aminoácido implica a la enzima asparraginasa (ASPG, EC 3.5.1.1), que cataliza la hidrólisis de asparragina a aspartato y amonio. Las asparraginasas de plantas, al igual que todas las enzimas de la familia Ntn-hidrolasas, son sintetizadas como precursores inactivos. La enzima activa es un heterotetrámero con dos tipos distintos de angiospermas se han identificado genes que codifican dos subtipos de asparraginasas (Bruneau et al. 2006), las K+-independientes y las K+-dependientes, con al menos un gen codificante para cada tipo en los genomas que han sido secuenciados. La caracterización de ambos subtipos indica que la forma K+-dependiente sería más eficiente en la movilización del nitrógeno amido de la asparragina bajo condiciones de alta demanda metabólica de nitrógeno (Bruneau et al. 2006), mientras que el papel de las K+-independientes estaría relacionado con su actividad isoaspartil dipeptidasa. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no se ha realizado una caracterización de las distintas formas presentes y sus funciones en gimnospermas. Una búsqueda en el transcriptoma disponible de Pinus pinaster (Canales et al. 2014) nos permitió identificar un total de tres genes con similitud a asparraginasa. Sólo uno (PpASPG1), identificado previamente por nuestro grupo de investigación (Cañas et al. 2006), presenta mayor similitud con las asparraginasas K+-dependientes. El principal inconveniente para la caracterización de estas proteínas es su baja abundancia. Para soslayar este impedimento se expresaron transitoriamente los tres genes de pino en un sistema heterólogo, se purificaron las proteínas recombinantes y se compararon sus características. Por otro lado, esta aproximación nos ha permitido también estudiar cómo afecta al procesamiento del precursor y a la actividad de la enzima la presencia de una extensión de 70 aminoácidos proteínas ortólogas de especies angiospermas. Finalmente, con el objetivo de dilucidar posibles funciones, hemos realizado un análisis de expresión de los tres genes identificados, así como el aislamiento y análisis del promotor del gen PpASPG1. Referencias Bruneau L. et al (2006) Co-occurrence of both L-asparaginase subtypes in Arabidopsis: At3g16150 encodes a K+-dependent L-asparaginase. Planta, 224:668–679, doi: 10.1007/s00425-006-0245-9. Canales J. et al. (2014) De novo assembly of maritime pine transcriptome: implications for forest breeding and biotechnology. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 12:286–299. doi: 10.1111/pbi.12136. Cañas RA et al. (2006) Coordination of PsAS1 and PsASPG expression controls timing of re-allocated N utilization in hypocotyls of pine seedlings. Planta, 225:1205– 1219. doi: 10.1007/s00425-006-0431-9.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Intensive care unit discharge to the ward with a tracheostomy cannula as a risk factor for mortality: A prospective, multicenter propensity analysis

To analyze the impact of decannulation before intensive care unit discharge on ward survival in nonexperimental conditions. DESIGN: Prospective, observational survey. SETTING: Thirty-one intensive care units throughout Spain. PATIENTS: All patients admitted from March 1, 2008 to May 31, 2008. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: At intensive care unit discharge, we recorded demographic variables, severity score, and intensive care unit treatments, with special attention to tracheostomy. After intensive care unit discharge, we recorded intensive care unit readmission and hospital survival. STATISTICS: Multivariate analyses for ward mortality, with Cox proportional hazard ratio adjusted for propensity score for intensive care unit decannulation. We included 4,132 patients, 1,996 of whom needed mechanical ventilation. Of these, 260 (13%) were tracheostomized and 59 (23%) died in the intensive care unit. Of the 201 intensive care unit tracheostomized survivors, 60 were decannulated in the intensive care unit and 141 were discharged to the ward with cannulae in place. Variables associated with intensive care unit decannulation (non-neurologic disease [85% vs. 64%], vasoactive drugs [90% vs. 76%], parenteral nutrition [55% vs. 33%], acute renal failure [37% vs. 23%], and good prognosis at intensive care unit discharge [40% vs. 18%]) were included in a propensity score model for decannulation. Crude ward mortality was similar in decannulated and nondecannulated patients (22% vs. 23%); however, after adjustment for the propensity score and Sabadell Score, the presence of a tracheostomy cannula was not associated with any survival disadvantage with an odds ratio of 0.6 [0.3-1.2] (p=.1). CONCLUSION: In our multicenter setting, intensive care unit discharge before decannulation is not a risk factor

Smelling the dark proteome: Functional characterization of PITH domain-containing protein 1 (C1orf128) in olfactory metabolism

The Human Proteome Project (HPP) consortium aims to functionally characterize the dark proteome. On the basis of the relevance of olfaction in early neurodegeneration, we have analyzed the dark proteome using data mining in public resources and omics data sets derived from the human olfactory system. Multiple dark proteins localize at synaptic terminals and may be involved in amyloidopathies such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We have characterized the dark PITH domain-containing protein 1 (PITHD1) in olfactory metabolism using bioinformatics, proteomics, in vitro and in vivo studies, and neuropathology. PITHD1–/– mice exhibit olfactory bulb (OB) proteome changes related to synaptic transmission, cognition, and memory. OB PITHD1 expression increases with age in wild-type (WT) mice and decreases in Tg2576 AD mice at late stages. The analysis across 6 neurological disorders reveals that olfactory tract (OT) PITHD1 is specifically upregulated in human AD. Stimulation of olfactory neuroepithelial (ON) cells with PITHD1 alters the ON phosphoproteome, modifies the proliferation rate, and induces a pro-inflammatory phenotype. This workflow applied by the Spanish C-HPP and Human Brain Proteome Project (HBPP) teams across the ON-OB-OT axis can be adapted as a guidance to decipher functional features of dark proteins. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD018784 and PXD021634

Author Correction: Transcriptomic and cellular decoding of regional brain vulnerability to neurogenetic disorders

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper

Cognitive impairment induced by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol occurs through heteromers between cannabinoid CB1 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive compound of marijuana, induces numerous undesirable effects, including memory impairments, anxiety, and dependence. Conversely, THC also has potentially therapeutic effects, including analgesia, muscle relaxation, and neuroprotection. However, the mechanisms that dissociate these responses are still not known. Using mice lacking the serotonin receptor 5-HT2A, we revealed that the analgesic and amnesic effects of THC are independent of each other: while amnesia induced by THC disappears in the mutant mice, THC can still promote analgesia in these animals. In subsequent molecular studies, we showed that in specific brain regions involved in memory formation, the receptors for THC and the 5-HT2A receptors work together by physically interacting with each other. Experimentally interfering with this interaction prevented the memory deficits induced by THC, but not its analgesic properties. Our results highlight a novel mechanism by which the beneficial analgesic properties of THC can be dissociated from its cognitive side effects

International conference on the healthy effect of virgin olive oil

Ageing represents a great concern in developed countries because the number of people involved and the pathologies related with it, like atherosclerosis, morbus Parkinson, Alzheime's disease, vascular dementia, cognitive decline, diabetes and cancer. Epidemiological studies suggest that a Mediterranean diet (which is rich in virgin olive oil) decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The Mediterranean diet, rich in virgin olive oil, improves the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as the lipoprotein profile, blood pressure, glucose metabolism and antithrombotic profile. Endothelial function, inflammation and oxidative stress are also positively modulated. Some of these effects are attributed to minor components of virgin olive oil. Therefore, the definition of the Mediterranean diet should include virgin olive oil. Different observational studies conducted in humans have shown that the intake of monounsaturated fat may be protective against age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Microconstituents from virgin olive oil are bioavailable in humans and have shown antioxidant properties and capacity to improve endothelial function. Furthermore they are also able to modify the haemostasis, showing antithrombotic properties. In countries where the populations fulfilled a typical Mediterranean diet, such as Spain, Greece and Italy, where virgin olive oil is the principal source of fat, cancer incidence rates are lower than in northern European countries. The protective effect of virgin olive oil can be most important in the first decades of life, which suggests that the dietetic benefit of virgin olive oil intake should be initiated before puberty, and maintained through life. The more recent studies consistently support that the Mediterranean diet, based in virgin olive oil, is compatible with a healthier ageing and increased longevity. However, despite the significant advances of the recent years, the final proof about the specific mechanisms and contributing role of the different components of virgin olive oil to its beneficial effects requires further investigations. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd