On Spanish Dvandva and its restrictions

As noted by Bauer, real dvandva compounds –that is, coordinative compounds that properly express the aggregation of two different entities, not the intersection of properties in one entity– are extremely rare in English or Spanish. This article explores the empirical domain of dvandva compounding in Spanish, and notes that they are productive when not used as heads within their phrases. We propose that the explanation for this is that Spanish can only productively build dvandva compounds using flat structures without internal hierarchy. This causes the compound to look externally for a head noun that defines the interpretation of the relation established between the two members of the dvandva. The proposal also explains why proper names is preferred in dvandva compounding, given that they do not denote properties

Roadmap for Enhanced Languages and Methods to Aid Verification

This roadmap describes ways that researchers in four areas — specification languages, program generation, correctness by construction, and programming languages — might help further the goal of verified software. It also describes what advances the “verified software” grand challenge might anticipate or demand from work in these areas. That is, the roadmap is intended to help foster collaboration between the grand challenge and these research areas. A common goal for research in these areas is to establish language designs and tool architectures that would allow multiple annotations and tools to be used on a single program. In the long term, researchers could try to unify these annotations and integrate such tools

SABER Instrument Overview

This paper provides an overview of the sounding of the atmosphere using broadband emission radiometer (SABER) instrument proposed by NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) and the Space Dynamics Laboratory at Utah State University (SDL/USU). SABER is a 12-channel infrared radiometer designed to measure atmospheric emissions in the 1 to 17 im spectral region. Radiometric, optical , thermal, and electronic aspects of the design are discussed

Roadmap for Enhanced Languages and Methods to Aid Verification

This roadmap describes ways that researchers in four areas -- specification languages, program generation, correctness by construction, and programming languages -- might help further the goal of verified software. It also describes what advances the ``verified software'' grand challenge might anticipate or demand from work in these areas. That is, the roadmap is intended to help foster collaboration between the grand challenge and these research areas. A common goal for research in these areas is to establish language designs and tool architectures that would allow multiple annotations and tools to be used on a single program. In the long term, researchers could try to unify these annotations and integrate such tools.</p

Roadmap for Enhanced Languages and Methods to Aid Verification

This roadmap describes ways that researchers in four areas -- specification languages, program generation, correctness by construction, and programming languages -- might help further the goal of verified software. It also describes what advances the ``verified software'' grand challenge might anticipate or demand from work in these areas. That is, the roadmap is intended to help foster collaboration between the grand challenge and these research areas. A common goal for research in these areas is to establish language designs and tool architectures that would allow multiple annotations and tools to be used on a single program. In the long term, researchers could try to unify these annotations and integrate such tools.Copyright 2006 by the authors.</p

The obesity paradox in patients with peripheral arterial disease

Background: Cardiac events are the predominant cause of late mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). In these patients, mortality decreases with increasing body mass index (BMI). COPD is identified as a cardiac risk factor, which preferentially affects underweight individuals. Whether or not COPD explains the obesity paradox in PAD patients is unknown. Methods: We studied 2,392 patients who underwent major vascular surgery at one teaching institution. Patients were classified according to COPD status and BMIs (ie, underweight, normal, overweight, and obese), and the relationship between these variables and all-cause mortality was determined using a Cox regression analysis. The median follow-up period was 4.37 years (interquartile range, 1.98 to 8.47 years). Results: The overall mortality rates among underweight, normal, overweight, and obese patients were 54%, 50%, 40%, and 31%, respectively (p < 0.001). The distribution of COPD severity classes showed an increased prevalence of moderate-to-severe COPD in underweight patients. In the entire population, BMI (continuous) was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94 to 0.98). In addition, patients who were classified as being underweight were at increased risk for mortality (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.01). However, after adjusting for COPD severity the relationship was no longer significant (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.93). Conclusions: The excess mortality among underweight patients was largely explained by the overrepresentation of individuals with moderate-to-severe COPD. COPD may in part explain the "obesity p