Investigating uncured no nitrate or nitrite added processed meat products

Samples of different commercial brands (4 uncured, no-nitrate/nitrite-added and one nitrite-added) of three product types (frankfurters, hams and bacons) were evaluated for color, pigment content, pH, lipid oxidation, residual nitrate and nitrite quantity, and consumer acceptance. All samples contained residual nitrate and residual nitrite except for Brands B and D bacons (\u3c1 ppm nitrite). A large variation in severity of lipid oxidation existed between product types within brands with frankfurters reporting the highest levels. Color measurements indicated the majority of products and brands were similar to the control. Consumer sensory ratings determined that variation existed;The effects of varying levels of vegetable juice powder (VJP) and incubation times (MIN-HOLD) on quality characteristics and sensory properties of emulsified frankfurter-style cooked (EFSC) sausages and hams over a 90-day storage period were investigated. Four EFSC sausage treatments (TRT) (TRT1: 0.20% VJP, 30 MIN-HOLD; TRT2: 0.20% VJP, 120 MIN-HOLD; TRT3: 0.40% VJP, 30 MIN-HOLD; TRT4: 0.40% VJP, 120 MIN-HOLD) and a sodium nitrite-added (156 mg/kg) control (C) were identified for this study. No differences for lipid oxidation between any TRTs and C or over time were identified. No differences (P\u3e0.05) for Commission International D\u27Edairerage (CIE) L* values were found between TRTs. CIE a* and reflectance ratio values revealed TRTs 2, 4 and C were redder and had better cured color than TRTs 1 and 3 at Day 0. Trained sensory intensity ratings determined that all TRTs 2, 3, and 4 were similar to the C;Four ham treatments (TRT1: 0.20% VJP, 0 MIN-HOLD; TRT2: 0.20% VJP, 120 MIN-HOLD; TRT3: 0.35% VJP, 0 MIN-HOLD; TRT4: 0.35% VJP, 120 MIN-HOLD) and a sodium nitrite-added control (C) were identified for this study. No differences (P\u3e0.05) were identified between TRTs and C for CIE L*, a*, b* and cured color measured by reflectance ratio. The C had less (P\u3c0.05) lipid oxidation than TRTs 2 and 4 for combined days. No differences (P\u3e0.05) were reported for cured pigment concentration between TRTs and C. Trained sensory intensity ratings determined that a high level (0.35%) of VJP resulted in the highest scores for undesirable vegetable aroma and flavor

LeaPi: Wireless Diagnostic Assistant

Nearly every person who usesWiFi on a daily basis has had trouble with a bad connection. Wireless connectivity issues are often difficult to diagnose and fix. Current solutions such as wired extenders, and MeshWiFi commercial packages are expensive and do not provide the user with a system that suggests placement of mesh units to maximize coverage. Our solution is an inexpensive and open-source diagnostic tool that maps out Wifi quality and informs the user of interference. With a simple, meaningful display, users will find trouble spots in their house, diagnose why IoT devices are not working, effectively place WiFi extenders and mesh nodes, and more

Lincoln day Entertainments: Recitations, Plays, Dialogues, Drills, Tableaux, Pantomimes, Quotations, Songs, Tributes, Stories, Facts/ ed.

Includes a photograph of the Statue of Lincoln, Lincoln Park, Chicago. Includes tables of content.https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/fvw-pamphlets/1557/thumbnail.jp

Five-Component Self-Assembly of Cucurbituril-Based Hetero-pseudorotaxanes

[5]Pseudorotaxanes can be obtained by self-sorting using heteroditopic guests and various cucurbituril homologues as hosts. The assembly and chemically induced disassembly of the pseudorotaxanes can be monitored by measuring the fluorescence of the anthracene guest in solution. Mass spectral evidence for the supramolecular assemblies is obtained in the gas phase. The disassembly in the gas phase can be achieved by collision-induced dissociation leading to the corresponding [2]- and [3]pseudorotaxanes.Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain [CTQ2011-28390, CTQ2014-54729-C2-1-P, BES2015-074458]; Junta de Andalucia [P12-FQM2140]; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Lisbon, Portugal [SFRH/BD/81628/2011]; Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education, Cairoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Prime movers : mechanochemistry of mitotic kinesins

Mitotic spindles are self-organizing protein machines that harness teams of multiple force generators to drive chromosome segregation. Kinesins are key members of these force-generating teams. Different kinesins walk directionally along dynamic microtubules, anchor, crosslink, align and sort microtubules into polarized bundles, and influence microtubule dynamics by interacting with microtubule tips. The mechanochemical mechanisms of these kinesins are specialized to enable each type to make a specific contribution to spindle self-organization and chromosome segregation

Structure and dynamics of single-isoform recombinant Neuronal Human Tubulin

Microtubules are polymers that cycle stochastically between polymerization and depolymerization i.e., they exhibit 'dynamic instability'. This behavior is crucial for cell division, motility and differentiation. While studies in the last decade have made fundamental breakthroughs in our understanding of how cellular effectors modulate microtubule dynamics, analysis of the relationship between tubulin sequence, structure and dynamics has been held back by a lack of dynamics measurements with and structural characterization of homogenous, isotypically pure, engineered tubulin. Here we report for the first time the cryo-EM structure and in vitro dynamics parameters of recombinant isotypically pure human tubulin. α1A/βIII is a purely neuronal tubulin isoform. The 4.2 Å structure of unmodified human α1A/βIII microtubules shows overall similarity to that of heterogeneous brain microtubules, but is distinguished by subtle differences at polymerization interfaces, which are hotspots for sequence divergence between tubulin isoforms. In vitro dynamics assays show that, like mosaic brain microtubules, recombinant homogenous microtubules undergo dynamic instability but they polymerize slower and catastrophe less frequently. Interestingly, we find that epitaxial growth of α1A/βIII microtubules from heterogeneous brain seeds is inefficient, but can be fully rescued by incorporating as little as 5% of brain tubulin into the homogenous α1A/βIII lattice. Our study establishes a system to examine the structure and dynamics of mammalian microtubules with well-defined tubulin species and is a first and necessary step towards uncovering how tubulin genetic and chemical diversity is exploited to modulate intrinsic microtubule dynamics

Nitrosylation of Myoglobin and Nitrosation of Cysteine by Nitrite in a Model System Simulating Meat Curing

Demand is growing for meat products cured without the addition of sodium nitrite. Instead of the direct addition of nitrite to meat in formulation, nitrite is supplied by bacterial reduction of natural nitrate often added as vegetable juice/powder. However, the rate of nitrite formation in this process is relatively slow, and the total ingoing nitrite is typically less than in conventional curing processes. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the rate of addition of nitrite and the amount of nitrite added on nitrosylation/nitrosation reactions in a model meat curing system. Myoglobin was preferentially nitrosylated as no decrease in sulfhydryl groups was found until maximum nitrosylmyoglobin color was achieved. The cysteine–myoglobin model retained more sulfhydryl groups than the cysteine-only model (p \u3c 0.05). The rate of nitrite addition did not alter nitrosylation/nitrosation reactions (p \u3e 0.05). These data suggest that the amount of nitrite but not the rate of addition impacts the nitrosylation/nitrosation reactions this syste

Tubulin isoform composition tunes microtubule dynamics

Microtubules polymerize and depolymerize stochastically, a behavior essential for cell division, motility and differentiation. While many studies advanced our understanding of how microtubule-associated proteins tune microtubule dynamics in trans, we have yet to understand how tubulin genetic diversity regulates microtubule functions. The majority of in vitro dynamics studies are performed with tubulin purified from brain tissue. This preparation is not representative of tubulin found in many cell types. Here we report the 4.2Å cryo-EM structure and in vitro dynamics parameters of α1B/βI+βIVb microtubules assembled from tubulin purified from a human embryonic kidney cell line with isoform composition characteristic of fibroblasts and many immortalized cell lines. We find that these microtubules grow faster and transition to depolymerization less frequently compared to brain microtubules. Cryo-EM reveals that the dynamic ends of α1B/βI+βIVb microtubules are less tapered and that these tubulin heterodimers display lower curvatures. Interestingly, analysis of EB1 distributions at dynamic ends suggests no differences in GTP cap sizes. Lastly, we show that the addition of recombinant α1A/βIII tubulin, a neuronal isotype overexpressed in many tumors, proportionally tunes the dynamics of α1B/βI+βIVb microtubules. Our study is an important step towards understanding how tubulin isoform composition tunes microtubule dynamics

Transparent reporting form

MKLP2, a kinesin-6, has critical roles during the metaphase-anaphase transition and cytokinesis. Its motor domain contains conserved nucleotide binding motifs, but is divergent in sequence (~35% identity) and size (~40% larger) compared to other kinesins. Using cryo-electron microscopy and biophysical assays, we have undertaken a mechanochemical dissection of the microtubule-bound MKLP2 motor domain during its ATPase cycle, and show that many facets of its mechanism are distinct from other kinesins. While the MKLP2 neck-linker is directed towards the microtubule plus-end in an ATP-like state, it does not fully dock along the motor domain. Furthermore, the footprint of the MKLP2 motor domain on the MT surface is altered compared to motile kinesins, and enhanced by kinesin-6-specific sequences. The conformation of the highly extended loop6 insertion characteristic of kinesin-6s is nucleotide-independent and does not contact the MT surface. Our results emphasize the role of family-specific insertions in modulating kinesin motor function