The effect study of Acetic acid on the scoria performance in removing of Malachite from aquatic environments: Determination of model, isotherms and reaction kinetics

زمینه و هدف: رنگ مالاشیت به دلیل ویژگی های ساختاری قابلیت تجزیه بسیار کمی داشته و موجب ایجاد مشکل در محیط های آبی می شود. با توجه به تأثیر اسید استیک بر ویژگی های فیزیکی و شیمیایی اسکوریا، هدف از این مطالعه بررسی کارایی فرم های مختلف اصلاح شده اسکوریا با اسید استیک در حذف رنگ مالاشیت از محیط های آبی می باشد. روش بررسی: این مطالعه آزمایشگاهی بوده که در pH، دوز جاذب، زمان های تماس مختلف و غلظت ثابت رنگ انجام شد. سپس غلظت باقیمانده در محلول رنگ از طریق جذب به وسیله اسپکتروفتومتر در طول موج 665 نانومتر اندازه گیری شد. به منظور درک چگونگی جذب، داده های به دست آمده با ایزوترم های جذب لانگمیر، فروندلیچ و سینتیک های واکنش شبه درجه اول و دوم برازش داده شدند. برای تحلیل داده ها از نرم افزار DOE= Design of Experiments)) استفاده شد. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش نرمالیته اسید، pH، دوز جاذب و زمان تماس، کارایی جاذب در حذف رنگ افزایش می یابد، به طوری که بیشترین راندمان حذف (100) برای جاذب اصلاح شده با اسید استیک 12 نرمال در 11 =pH، دوز جاذب 4/1 گرم در لیتر و زمان 75 دقیقه به دست آمد. همچنین جذب رنگ از هر دو ایزوترم لانگمیر و فروندلیچ و سینیتک شبه درجه دوم تبعیت مناسبی داشت. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به نتایج می توان گفت که جذب رنگ هم به صورت چند لایه ای و تک لایه ای صورت می گیرد و اصلاح اسکوریا با اسید استیک موجب افزایش کارایی آن نسبت به اسکوریا طبیعی می شود

Evaluation of the relationship between microbial quality of drinking water and the cross-sectional outbreak of related diseases - Case study: Kangavar city (2005-2009)

Background and Aims: Evaluation of the microbial quality of drinking water can help to prevent the diseases in different times and regions that transmitted through water. So the aim of this study is the survey of microbial quality of drinking water and cross-sectional outbreaks of its related diseases in Kangavar city.Materials and Methods: To accomplish this study, first the results of the microbial quality of drinking water in Kangavar city and cases of diseases from all rural and urban health centers within five years (2005-2009) were received. For determination of the relationship between disease and microbial quality of water, the Pearson correlation coefficient (Correlation instructions) in each studied variable (season and location of samples) was used.Results: Results showed that prevalence of all considered diseases (except hepatitis A) in terms of area (urban or rural) and seasons had significant relationship with microbial contamination of drinking water (P value < 0.05). This relationship was stronger in rural areas than urban areas (except for simple diarrhea) and warm seasons compared to cold seasons.Conclusion: According to significant relationship between microbial quality of drinking water and prevalence of dysentery and typhoid diseases in different areas and seasons, it is necessary to keep up the quality of drinking water in the high susceptible regions and times (rural areas and warm seasons).Key words: Microbial quality, Cross-sectional outbreak, Water borne diseases, Kangava

The statistical analysis of seasonal and time variations on trend of important air pollutants (SO2, O3, NOx, CO, PM10)-in western Iran: A case study

Western Iran, for example, Kermanshah, is one of the industrial cities of Iran that due to industrial development and transport development and located in the west side of country, the levels of its air pollutants have a lot of fluctuations. So the aim of this study is to determine the trend of variations in Kermanshah air pollutants (sulfur dioxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and particulates).This is a descriptive - analytical study, so that the data of various air pollutants in Kermanshah city during the period of 5 years (2006-2011) obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency of Kermanshah, then data analysis was attempted using SPSS and Excel software. Results showed that the highest average concentrations of pollutants based on years, season and months were 2010, summer and July for O3, 2005, autumn and December for NO, 2008, spring and April for NO2, 2008, summer and July for PM10, 2008, summer and September for SO2 and 2005, Autumn and June for CO. Increasing the some pollutants such as O3, NO and NO2 from 2006 years onwards is related to increasing the vehicle and industries. Therefore, it is essential to understand the causes of increasing and reducing the emissions is needed to Public education to deal, harm reduction and management measures

Survey of effective parameters (Water sources, seasonal variation and residual chlorine) on presence of thermotolerant coliforms bacteria in different drinking water resources

Thermotolerant Coliforms (TtC) bacteria is one of the microbial quality indicators of drinking water. This study was aimed to Survey of Effective parameters (Water Resources, Seasonal Variation and Residual Chlorine) on Presence of thermotolerant bacteria in drinking water. For this study, data of the last 10 years assessments of microbial quality regarding various species of fecal coliform was taken from health centers associated with urban, rural and private sources of Kermanshah city. A total number of 8643 samples were taken, 1851 samples from rural, 365 from urban and 4834 from private resources. The results showed that fecal coliform, Escherichia coli (22.3%) and Klebsiella (2%) were the most and least bacteria existent in urban water resources, respectively. In rural water sources, E. coli (45.9%) and Enterobacter cloacea (2.6%) and in private sources E. coli (34%) and Klebsiella (1.3%) had the most and least existent, respectively. Further, E. coli (47.5%) and Klebsiella (0.4%) had, respectively, the highest and lowest distribution in all months considered. In addition the results showed a significant decrease of distribution of fecal coliforms with increasing residual chlorine, while a decreasing trend is observed from the dose of 0.8 mg/L. According to the results, it can be stated that among fecal coliforms, E. coli has the widest distribution in water resources and because this bacterium causes diseases such as diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome, so is of particular importance in the monitoring of water resources. Hence it is necessary to consider the bacterium in resources with low microbial quality, especially in the hot seasons

Health-related Microbial Quality of Drinking Water in Kangavar, Western Iran

Evaluation of the microbial quality of drinking water can prevent the water-borne diseases outbreak that is one of the most important challenges in the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the seasonal variation of water-borne diseases prevalence associated with the microbial quality of drinking water and the comparison between rural and urban areas in Kangavar city, west of Iran. To accomplish this study, the results of the microbial quality of drinking water and cases of simple diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid and hepatitis A were received from all rural and urban health centers of the city during five years (2006-2010). To determine the relationship between diseases and microbial quality of water, Correlation instruction and Pearson correlation coefficient were used. The results showed that except hepatitis A, the incidence of all diseases in different areas (urban or rural) and seasons had significant relationship with microbial contamination of drinking water (P-value<0.05). The stronger relationship was observed in rural areas than in urban areas (except simple diarrhea) and in warm seasons than in cold seasons. With respect to the impact of the microbial quality of water on the incidence of dysentery and typhoid diseases, keeping up the quality of drinking water in places and times with high sensitivity (rural areas and warm seasons) should be considered strongly

Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2.5 air pollution, 1990-2019 : An analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In view of the high and increasing prevalence of diabetes, we aimed to quantify the burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2·5 originating from ambient and household air pollution. Methods We systematically compiled all relevant cohort and case-control studies assessing the effect of exposure to household and ambient fine particulate matter (PM2·5) air pollution on type 2 diabetes incidence and mortality. We derived an exposure–response curve from the extracted relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. The estimated curve was linked to ambient and household PM2·5 exposures from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, and estimates of the attributable burden (population attributable fractions and rates per 100 000 population of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and type 2 diabetes incidence in the observed trend in PM2·5-attributable type 2 diabetes burden. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes was attributable to PM2·5 exposure, with an estimated 3·78 (95% uncertainty interval 2·68–4·83) deaths per 100 000 population and 167 (117–223) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13·4% (9·49–17·5) of deaths and 13·6% (9·73–17·9) of DALYs due to type 2 diabetes were contributed by ambient PM2·5, and 6·50% (4·22–9·53) of deaths and 5·92% (3·81–8·64) of DALYs by household air pollution. High burdens, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South America. Since 1990, the attributable burden has increased by 50%, driven largely by population growth and ageing. Globally, the impact of reductions in household air pollution was largely offset by increased ambient PM2·5. Interpretation Air pollution is a major risk factor for diabetes. We estimated that about a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes is attributable PM2·5 pollution. Air pollution mitigation therefore might have an essential role in reducing the global disease burden resulting from type 2 diabetes

Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2.5 air pollution, 1990-2019 : an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In view of the high and increasing prevalence of diabetes, we aimed to quantify the burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2.5 originating from ambient and household air pollution.Methods We systematically compiled all relevant cohort and case-control studies assessing the effect of exposure to household and ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution on type 2 diabetes incidence and mortality. We derived an exposure-response curve from the extracted relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression-Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. The estimated curve was linked to ambient and household PM2.5 exposures from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, and estimates of the attributable burden (population attributable fractions and rates per 100 000 population of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and type 2 diabetes incidence in the observed trend in PM2.5-attributable type 2 diabetes burden. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals.Findings In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes was attributable to PM2.5 exposure, with an estimated 3.78 (95% uncertainty interval 2.68-4.83) deaths per 100 000 population and 167 (117-223) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13.4% (9.49-17.5) of deaths and 13.6% (9.73-17.9) of DALYs due to type 2 diabetes were contributed by ambient PM2.5, and 6.50% (4.22-9.53) of deaths and 5.92% (3.81-8.64) of DALYs by household air pollution. High burdens, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South America. Since 1990, the attributable burden has increased by 50%, driven largely by population growth and ageing. Globally, the impact of reductions in household air pollution was largely offset by increased ambient PM2.5.Interpretation Air pollution is a major risk factor for diabetes. We estimated that about a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes is attributable PM2.5 pollution. Air pollution mitigation therefore might have an essential role in reducing the global disease burden resulting from type 2 diabetes. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

The unfinished agenda of communicable diseases among children and adolescents before the COVID-19 pandemic, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Communicable disease control has long been a focus of global health policy. There have been substantial reductions in the burden and mortality of communicable diseases among children younger than 5 years, but we know less about this burden in older children and adolescents, and it is unclear whether current programmes and policies remain aligned with targets for intervention. This knowledge is especially important for policy and programmes in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to use the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 to systematically characterise the burden of communicable diseases across childhood and adolescence. METHODS: In this systematic analysis of the GBD study from 1990 to 2019, all communicable diseases and their manifestations as modelled within GBD 2019 were included, categorised as 16 subgroups of common diseases or presentations. Data were reported for absolute count, prevalence, and incidence across measures of cause-specific mortality (deaths and years of life lost), disability (years lived with disability [YLDs]), and disease burden (disability-adjusted life-years [DALYs]) for children and adolescents aged 0-24 years. Data were reported across the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and across time (1990-2019), and for 204 countries and territories. For HIV, we reported the mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) as a measure of health system performance. FINDINGS: In 2019, there were 3·0 million deaths and 30·0 million years of healthy life lost to disability (as measured by YLDs), corresponding to 288·4 million DALYs from communicable diseases among children and adolescents globally (57·3% of total communicable disease burden across all ages). Over time, there has been a shift in communicable disease burden from young children to older children and adolescents (largely driven by the considerable reductions in children younger than 5 years and slower progress elsewhere), although children younger than 5 years still accounted for most of the communicable disease burden in 2019. Disease burden and mortality were predominantly in low-SDI settings, with high and high-middle SDI settings also having an appreciable burden of communicable disease morbidity (4·0 million YLDs in 2019 alone). Three cause groups (enteric infections, lower-respiratory-tract infections, and malaria) accounted for 59·8% of the global communicable disease burden in children and adolescents, with tuberculosis and HIV both emerging as important causes during adolescence. HIV was the only cause for which disease burden increased over time, particularly in children and adolescents older than 5 years, and especially in females. Excess MIRs for HIV were observed for males aged 15-19 years in low-SDI settings. INTERPRETATION: Our analysis supports continued policy focus on enteric infections and lower-respiratory-tract infections, with orientation to children younger than 5 years in settings of low socioeconomic development. However, efforts should also be targeted to other conditions, particularly HIV, given its increased burden in older children and adolescents. Older children and adolescents also experience a large burden of communicable disease, further highlighting the need for efforts to extend beyond the first 5 years of life. Our analysis also identified substantial morbidity caused by communicable diseases affecting child and adolescent health across the world. FUNDING: The Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Centre for Research Excellence for Driving Investment in Global Adolescent Health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Child growth failure (CGF), manifested as stunting, wasting, and underweight, is associated with high 5 mortality and increased risks of cognitive, physical, and metabolic impairments. Children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face the highest levels of CGF globally. Here we illustrate national and subnational variation of under-5 CGF indicators across LMICs, providing 2000–2017 annual estimates mapped at a high spatial resolution and aggregated to policy-relevant administrative units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the World Health 10 Organization’s ambitious Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and rates of progress exist across regions, countries, and within countries; our maps identify areas where high prevalence persists even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where subnational disparities exist and the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning locally 15 tailored interventions and efficient directing of resources to accelerate progress in reducing CGF and its health implications

Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

Analyses of the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017 reveal inequalities across countries as well as within populations. Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health(1-3). As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting(4-6). The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness(7,8); however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health(9-11). Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but-to our knowledge-no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries(12-14). By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations.Peer reviewe