A faixa de dobramento Paraguai na Serra da Bodoquena e depressão do Rio Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul

A Faixa Paraguai meridional evoluiu como um típico fold-and-thrust belt. Sua evolução principia por rifteamento, provavelmente no final do Criogeniano, evoluindo para mar restrito e transgressão marinha extensiva até o final do Ediacarano. O final do processo colisional ocorreu no início do Cambriano, com magmatismo pós-colisional no Cambriano Superior. O Grupo Corumbá é subdividido em cinco formações (Cadiueus, Cerradinho, Bocaina, Tamengo e Guaicurus), estratigrafia esta observada até nas porções mais deformadas no centro-leste da área. A Formação Puga é colocada como correlata às suas formações basais, Cerradinho e Cadiueus. No extremo oeste da área, o Grupo Corumbá está depositado em inconformidade sobre o bloco cratônico Rio Apa. Para os xistos do extremo leste da área, é proposto o nome local Xistos Agachi. Durante o Ediacarano, sincronicamente com a deformação, granitogênese de arco e metamorfismo do Grupo Cuiabá a leste, ter-se-ia a deposição das formações Tamengo e Guaicurus a oeste, provavelmente num contexto de bacia de ante país (foreland). São observadas até três fases de dobramento sobrepostas coaxiais, associadas a metamorfismo de fácies xisto-verde e sistemas de falhas de empurrão, com vergência tectônica para oeste. A convergência colisional em direção ao bloco Rio Apa não foi completamente frontal, existindo algum grau de obliquidade, com vetores de convergência em torno de WNW-ESE. A variação do estilo estrutural e metamórfico pode ser explicada pela migração do front deformacional de leste para oeste. As principais falhas de empurrão coincidem com limites bacinais importantes, sugerindo que estes empurrões reativaram falhas lístricas do estágio rifte.The Southern Paraguay Belt is a typical fold-and-thrust belt. Its geological evolution began with a continental rifting process, probably at the end of the Cryogenian, evolving into a restricted sea and an extensive marine transgression at the end of the Ediacaran. The final collisional event occurred during the Lower Cambrian, with post-collisional magmatism during the Upper Cambrian. The Corumbá Group is divided into five formations (Cadiueus, Cerradinho, Bocaina, Tamengo and Guaicurus). The Puga Formation is correlated to the Cerradinho and Cadiueus formations. This stratigraphy can be seen even in the most deformed parts located in central-eastern area. In the far west of the area, the Corumbá Group is deposited above an unconformity in the Rio Apa cratonic block. The name Agachi Schists is suggested for the schists located at the easternmost portion of the area. During the Ediacaran period, whereas, in the east part of the area, the Cuiabá Group was affected by deformation, metamorphism and arc-related granites, in the west part of the area, the Tamengo and Guaicurus formations were deposited, probably in a context of foreland basin. Up to three superimposed coaxial folding events are observed associated with greenschist metamorphism and thrust faults, showing a westward tectonic vergence. WSW - ESE convergence vectors indicate that the collision with the Rio Apa block was slightly oblique. Changes in metamorphism and structural style can be explained by the westward migration of the deformational front. The main thrust faults coincide with important basin boundaries, suggesting that the listric faults of the rift stage were reactived by them

A Disciplina Geologia Geral - Sistema Terra, Introdutória ao Curso de Geologia da USP: Conteúdo e Reflexão

The discipline General Geology - The Earth System was introduced in the Geology course curriculum with the objective of providing first year students an ample and integrated view of physical, chemical and biological processes that affect Earth's geosphere, and of their complex interactions. Through a familiarization with basic theoretical and field geological concepts the discipline aims at allowing students to be able to interpret geological phenomena, thus stimulating them to enlarge their knowledge of the Geosciences throughout the rest of the curriculum. More general topics treated include a view of the Earth as part of the Solar system, of areas of professional activities of geologists and the important contribution they can make to Earth's environment sustainability. The discipline begins in the first semester with lectures on the evolution of the geological thought, origin of the Universe and the solar system. These are followed by talks on Earth's internal dynamics, in the context of global tectonics, and rock generation processes. Lab classes include recognition of most important mineral and rock types, and use of the Brunton compass. Topics of external dynamics follow, including weathering processes and origin, transport and deposition of sediments. At the end of the semester a series of lectures are given on glacial, eolian, fluvial and marine processes as external dynamic agents. The second semester initiates with lectures on geological time from the paleontological, stratigraphic and geochronological view points. Themain geological structures are then dealt with in connection with the use of the Brunton compass in their three-dimensional reconstruction. Examination of topographic and geological maps serves as a basis for understanding the geological evolution of an area. The final part of the program is devoted to lectures on Earth's geological resources, such as water, fossil fuels and minerals, as well as on the importance of Geology to Engineering. These are complemented by talks by invited, well-known, professional geologists from different specialties. During the two semesters, classroom and laboratory classes are intercalated with short (one day) field activities. A broad familiarization with the geology of State of São Paulo and Brazil completes the class-room activities of the discipline. A first experience with geological mapping is then offered, during a two-day field trip at the end of the semester, for which the presentation of reports is required. This is followed by presentation of seminars by the students on themes treated in classroom. As a general rule the teaching team of ST tries to restrict the use of specialized technical terms as a way to facilitate the transfer of knowledge from one topic to another by the students.A disciplina Geologia Geral - Sistema Terra, foi concebida com o objetivo de proporcionar, a alunos do curso de Geologia, o entendimento amplo e integrado, embora introdutório, dos processos atuantes na geosfera terrestre e suas complexas interações. Por meio da familiarização com conceitos e técnicas geológicas básicas, a disciplina visa capacitar os estudantes a interpretar fenômenos geológicos, motivando-os a ampliar seus conhecimentos das Geociências. Tópicos mais gerais tratados incluem a visão da Terra como parte do Sistema Solar, as áreas de atuação profissional do geólogo e sua responsabilidade frente à sustentabilidade da Terra. A disciplina tem iní­cio, no primeiro semestre, com apresentação da evolução do pensamento geológico e, em seguida, com apresentações sobre a origem do Universo e do Sistema Solar. Prossegue com os conceitos básicos da dinãmica interna do planeta, com ênfase na Tectônica Global e nos processos formadores de rocha. Aulas práticas incluem o reconhecimento de minerais e rochas mais importantes, visualização de mapas topográficos e geológicos básicos e introdução ao uso de bússola Brunton. Discute-se, a seguir, a dinãmica externa, com aulas sobre intemperismo e origem, transporte e deposição dos sedimentos. Encerra-se o semestre com aulas sobre ação geológica do gelo, rios, ventos e mares. Inicia-se o segundo semestre com a apresentação dos conceitos do tempo geológico, fundamentado com noções sobre Paleontologia, Estratigrafia e Geocronologia. As principais estruturas geológicas são apresentadas, destacando-se o uso da bússola Brunton para medição de atitudes de planos inclinados. A partir do exame de mapas geológicos, é enfatizada a importância de adquirir visões bi e tridimensionais dos terrenos representados, assim como das diferentes etapas da evolução geológica. A parte final da disciplina é dedicada à discussão da importância econômica dos recursos hí­dricos, energéticos e minerais, ainda acrescida de uma aula sobre a contribuição da Geologia nas obras de engenharia e ocupação urbana. Ao transcorrer da disciplina, as aulas são complementadas com palestras ministradas por profissionais das diferentes áreas de atuação profissional. Ao final, `´é apresentado um esboço sobre a geologia do Brasil e do Estado de São Paulo, com introdução sobre técnicas de mapeamento geológico. A primeira experiência de mapeamento é desenvolvida durante atividade de campo de dois dias, para a qual é exigido relatório. Também no final do segundo semestre, os alunos elaboram e apresentam seminários sobre temas tratados na disciplina. A equipe que ministra a disciplina vem buscando restringir ao má­nimo o uso de nomenclatura técnica e aprimorar a concatenação entre os conceitos abordados entre uma aula e outra para, dessa forma, ser atingido o objetivo de apresentar o Planeta Terra de forma sistámica

Tropical deforestation induces thresholds of reproductive viability and habitat suitability in Earth’s largest eagles

Apex predators are threatened globally, and their local extinctions are often driven by failures in sustaining prey acquisition under contexts of severe prey scarcity. The harpy eagle Harpia harpyja is Earth’s largest eagle and the apex aerial predator of Amazonian forests, but no previous study has examined the impact of forest loss on their feeding ecology. We monitored 16 active harpy eagle nests embedded within landscapes that had experienced 0 to 85% of forest loss, and identified 306 captured prey items. Harpy eagles could not switch to open-habitat prey in deforested habitats, and retained a diet based on canopy vertebrates even in deforested landscapes. Feeding rates decreased with forest loss, with three fledged individuals dying of starvation in landscapes that succumbed to 50–70% deforestation. Because landscapes deforested by > 70% supported no nests, and eaglets could not be provisioned to independence within landscapes > 50% forest loss, we established a 50% forest cover threshold for the reproductive viability of harpy eagle pairs. Our scaling-up estimate indicates that 35% of the entire 428,800-km2 Amazonian ‘Arc of Deforestation’ study region cannot support breeding harpy eagle populations. Our results suggest that restoring harpy eagle population viability within highly fragmented forest landscapes critically depends on decisive forest conservation action

Feeling of pleasure to high-intensity interval exercise is dependent of the number of work bouts and physical activity status

Objectives: To examine the affective responses during a single bout of a low-volume HIIE in active and insufficiently active men. Materials and methods: Fifty-eight men (aged 25.3 ± 3.6 years) volunteered to participate in this study: i) active (n = 29) and ii) insufficiently active (n = 29). Each subject undertook i) initial screening and physical evaluation, ii) maximal exercise test, and iii) a single bout of a low-volume HIIE. The HIIE protocol consisted of 10 x 60s work bouts at 90% of maximal treadmill velocity (MTV) interspersed with 60s of active recovery at 30% of MTV. Affective responses (Feeling Scale, -5/+5), rating of perceived exertion (Borg's RPE, 6-20), and heart rate (HR) were recorded during the last 10s of each work bout. A two-factor mixed-model repeated measures ANOVA, independent-samples t test, and chi-squared test were used to data analysis. Results: There were similar positive affective responses to the first three work bouts between insufficiently active and active men (p > 0.05). However, insufficiently active group displayed lower affective responses over time (work bout 4 to 10) than the active group (p 0.05). Conclusions: Insufficiently active and active men report feelings of pleasure to few work bouts (i.e., 3-4) during low-volume HIIE, while the affective responses become more unpleasant over time for insufficiently active subjects. Investigations on the effects of low-volume HIIE protocols including a fewer number of work bouts on health status and fitness of less active subjects would be interesting, especially in the first training weeks

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

The iron formation of the Puga Formation: regional resources evaluation in the Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul state

Formações ferríferas neoproterozóicas são mundialmente conhecidas e trata-se de um tipo peculiar de depósito não só pelos aspectos econômicos, mas por estarem, geralmente, relacionadas a depósitos de origem glacial. A presente dissertação aborda as ocorrências de formações ferríferas associadas à diamictitos glaciogênicos da Formação Puga na região de Bodoquena, estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Foram realizados processamentos de dados aeromagnetométricos, mapeamento geológico, caracterização petrográfica e geoquímica, além da avaliação dos recursos. Os dados aeromagnéticos foram eficientes para o delineamento da área de abrangência da formação ferrífera. A mesma constitui-se de camadas de óxidos de ferro disseminados, alternados com sílica. Blocos isolados ocorrem associados a formação ferrífera mas a ação tectônica dificulta a observação das relações entre os clastos e o bandamento original. As evidências geológicas observadas mostram que a deposição da Formação Puga teve contribuição de um componente glacial, provavelmente relacionada ao evento Varangeriano/Marinoano. A Formação Puga deve ter se depositado num ambiente hidrotermal distal misto com a precipitação de fluidos ferrríferos hidrotermais em sedimentos detríticos glaciais. A avaliação regional dos recursos de Bodoquena, através do uso de métodos convencionais, mostra que a região tem um potencial em torno de um bilhão de toneladas de recursos de ferro. Ensaios de caracterização tecnológica resultaram em uma recuperação final de aproximadamente 65% em massa, com um teor médio de 55% de Fe. Isto implica em produtos que atendem as especificações de mercado.Neoproterozoic iron formations are worldwide known and they are a very peculiar kind of deposit not only by economic aspects but also they are usually related to glacial deposits. This dissertation focus on iron formation associated with glaciogenic diamictites interpreted as belonging to the Puga Formation, in Bodoquena, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. To this deposit magnetic survey, geological mapping, geochemical and petrographical characterization, as well as iron resource evaluation have been done. Moreover, aeromagnetic data were effective to delineate the total iron formation coverage. Its mostly composed of fine disseminated iron oxide layers alternated with silica. Isolated blocks occur within the iron formation but tectonic overprinting makes it difficult to have a clear observation of the relationship between clasts and original lamination. The geological evidences observed show that the Puga Formation had a glacial contribution during its deposition, and probably is related to the Varanger/Mar inoan event. It may have deposited in a distal hydrothermal environment with the ferruginous fluid precipitation together with glacial sediments. The regional evaluation of Bodoquena resources through conventional methods shows that this region has geological resource potential for more than one billion tons of iron ore. Technological characterization tests results in 65% mass recovery w ith 55% Fe. This implies in products that attend to merchantable specifications

The iron formation of the Puga Formation: regional resources evaluation in the Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul state

Formações ferríferas neoproterozóicas são mundialmente conhecidas e trata-se de um tipo peculiar de depósito não só pelos aspectos econômicos, mas por estarem, geralmente, relacionadas a depósitos de origem glacial. A presente dissertação aborda as ocorrências de formações ferríferas associadas à diamictitos glaciogênicos da Formação Puga na região de Bodoquena, estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Foram realizados processamentos de dados aeromagnetométricos, mapeamento geológico, caracterização petrográfica e geoquímica, além da avaliação dos recursos. Os dados aeromagnéticos foram eficientes para o delineamento da área de abrangência da formação ferrífera. A mesma constitui-se de camadas de óxidos de ferro disseminados, alternados com sílica. Blocos isolados ocorrem associados a formação ferrífera mas a ação tectônica dificulta a observação das relações entre os clastos e o bandamento original. As evidências geológicas observadas mostram que a deposição da Formação Puga teve contribuição de um componente glacial, provavelmente relacionada ao evento Varangeriano/Marinoano. A Formação Puga deve ter se depositado num ambiente hidrotermal distal misto com a precipitação de fluidos ferrríferos hidrotermais em sedimentos detríticos glaciais. A avaliação regional dos recursos de Bodoquena, através do uso de métodos convencionais, mostra que a região tem um potencial em torno de um bilhão de toneladas de recursos de ferro. Ensaios de caracterização tecnológica resultaram em uma recuperação final de aproximadamente 65% em massa, com um teor médio de 55% de Fe. Isto implica em produtos que atendem as especificações de mercado.Neoproterozoic iron formations are worldwide known and they are a very peculiar kind of deposit not only by economic aspects but also they are usually related to glacial deposits. This dissertation focus on iron formation associated with glaciogenic diamictites interpreted as belonging to the Puga Formation, in Bodoquena, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. To this deposit magnetic survey, geological mapping, geochemical and petrographical characterization, as well as iron resource evaluation have been done. Moreover, aeromagnetic data were effective to delineate the total iron formation coverage. Its mostly composed of fine disseminated iron oxide layers alternated with silica. Isolated blocks occur within the iron formation but tectonic overprinting makes it difficult to have a clear observation of the relationship between clasts and original lamination. The geological evidences observed show that the Puga Formation had a glacial contribution during its deposition, and probably is related to the Varanger/Mar inoan event. It may have deposited in a distal hydrothermal environment with the ferruginous fluid precipitation together with glacial sediments. The regional evaluation of Bodoquena resources through conventional methods shows that this region has geological resource potential for more than one billion tons of iron ore. Technological characterization tests results in 65% mass recovery w ith 55% Fe. This implies in products that attend to merchantable specifications