2 research outputs found

    Expression patterns of Acid-Sensing Ion channels in primary sensory neurons

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    Les canaux ioniques de dĂ©tection d'acide (ASIC) font partie de la famille des canaux ioniques degenerin-Ă©pithĂ©liaux Naâș (DEG-ENaC), dont les principaux ligands connus sont les protons. Les canaux ASIC sont prĂ©fĂ©rentiellement permĂ©ables au sodium (Naâș) et, dans une moindre mesure, Ă  d'autres cations, tels que le potassium (Kâș), le lithium (Liâș) et le proton (Hâș). Les sous-unitĂ©s ASIC peuvent ĂȘtre combinĂ©es pour donner des canaux homotrimaires ou hĂ©tĂ©rotrimaires avec diffĂ©rents seuils d'activation activation par l'acidite, ce qui conduit Ă  une sensibilitĂ© distincte au pH des canaux ASIC en fonction de leur composition, ce qui fait d'eux des dĂ©tecteurs de pH polyvalents. Quatre gĂšnes (Asic1-4) exprimĂ©s dans tout le systĂšme nerveux, codant pour au moins 6 sous-unitĂ©s (ASIC1a, ASIC1b, ASIC2a, ASIC2b, ASIC3 et ASIC4) par Ă©pissage alternatif, ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©couverts chez les rongeurs et les humains. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, au niveau des ganglions rachidiens du systĂšme nerveux pĂ©riphĂ©rique, nous avons signalĂ© que les ASIC1a, ASIC1b, ASIC2a, ASIC2b et ASIC3 jouent un rĂŽle important dans plusieurs fonctions dont la nociception. MĂȘme si des Ă©tudes antĂ©rieures ont explorĂ© l'implication de ces canaux dans plusieurs fonctions somatosensorielles, une analyse dĂ©taillĂ©e de leur mode d'expression dans des populations distinctes de neurones sensoriels primaires n'a pas Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  ce jour en raison de la disponibilitĂ© limitĂ©e d'anticorps spĂ©cifiques commerciaux. La premiĂšre Ă©tude, prĂ©sentĂ©e au chapitre 1, visait Ă  rĂ©vĂ©ler le profil d'expression complet des cinq sous-unitĂ©s ASIC dans trois populations diffĂ©rentes de neurones sensoriels primaires. Une approche d'hybridation in situ (RNAscope) a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e pour cibler les sous-unitĂ©s ASIC, combinĂ©e Ă  l'immunohistochimie pour rĂ©vĂ©ler des populations spĂ©cifiques. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, je me suis concentrĂ©e sur deux types principaux de nocicepteurs ciblant les nocicepteurs non peptidergiques non myĂ©linisĂ©s expriment le rĂ©cepteur Ă  l'isolectine B4 (IB4), et les nocicepteurs peptidergiques non myĂ©linisĂ©s exprimant le peptide liĂ© au gĂšne de la calcitonine (CGRP). De plus, j'ai ciblĂ© les neurones multimodaux myĂ©linisĂ©s en utilisant le neurofilament 200 (NF200). Compte tenu du rĂŽle des ASIC dans la nociception et de leur implication dans la douleur neuropathique, j'ai Ă©galement Ă©tudiĂ© comment la lĂ©sion des nerfs pĂ©riphĂ©riques (induite par le menottage du nerf sciatique) affecte l'expression de chaque sous-unitĂ© dans diffĂ©rents segments des ganglions de la racine dorsale au sein des deux populations nociceptives. Mes rĂ©sultats ont mis en Ă©vidence un profil d'expression complexe des ASIC dans des conditions naĂŻves en fonction de la population Ă©tudiĂ©e, et une rĂ©gulation diffĂ©rentielle des sous-unitĂ©s ASIC spĂ©cifique Ă  la rĂ©gion et au type de cellule aprĂšs l'induction d'une lĂ©sion du nerf pĂ©riphĂ©rique. La deuxiĂšme Ă©tude consiste en une investigation dĂ©taillĂ©e du profil d'expression des sous-unitĂ©s ASIC1, ASIC2 et ASIC3 dans les ganglion rachidien humain. Plus spĂ©cifiquement, j'ai menĂ© plusieurs expĂ©riences sur la co-expression des ASIC dans les neurones sensoriels primaires, en plus de l'exploration de leur profil d'expression dans les nocicepteurs peptidergiques et non peptidergiques. Cette Ă©tude, en conjonction avec mes travaux prĂ©cĂ©dents, a mis en Ă©vidence des divergences et des similitudes entre les espĂšces qui devraient ĂȘtre prises en considĂ©ration au cours du processus translationnel de cibles analgĂ©siques prĂ©cliniques jusqu'en traitements cliniques efficaces.Acid-Sensing Ion Channels (ASICs) are members of the degenerin-epithelial Naâș channel (DEG-ENaC) family of ion channels with protons being their main known ligands. ASIC channels are preferentially permeable to sodium (Naâș), and to a lesser extent, other cations, such as potassium (Kâș), lithium (Liâș), and proton (Hâș). ASIC subunits can be combined giving homotrimeric or heterotrimeric channels with various acidity activation threshold, leading to distinct pH sensitivity of ASIC channels based on their composition, which makes them versatile pH sensors. Four genes (Asic1-4) expressed throughout the nervous system, encode at least 6 subunits (ASIC1a, ASIC1b, ASIC2a, ASIC2b, ASIC3 and ASIC4) through alternative splicing, and have been discovered in rodents and humans, among other species. More specifically, in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of rodents, ASIC1a, ASIC1b, ASIC2a, ASIC2b, and ASIC3 have been reported, playing an important role in several functions including nociception. Even though previous studies have explored the channels' involvement in several somatosensory functions, a detailed analysis of their expression pattern in distinct populations of primary sensory neurons has not been conducted up to date due to the limited commercial availability of specific antibodies. The first study presented in Chapter 1, aimed to reveal the comprehensive expression pattern of the five ASIC subunits in three different populations of primary sensory neurons. An in situ hybridization approach (RNAscope) was used to target the ASIC subunits, combined with immunohistochemistry to reveal specific populations. Namely, I focused on two main types of nociceptors targeting non-myelinated non-peptidergic nociceptors with Isolectin B4 (IB4), and peptidergic non-myelinated nociceptors with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Moreover, I targeted myelinated multimodal neurons using neurofilament 200 (NF200). Considering the role of ASICs in nociception and their involvement in neuropathic pain, I also investigated how peripheral nerve injury (induced by placing a tight cuff around the sciatic nerve) affects the expression of each subunits in different DRG segments within the two nociceptive populations. My results uncovered a complex expression pattern of ASICs in naĂŻve conditions depending on the population under investigation, and a regional and cell type specific differential regulation of ASIC subunits after induction of peripheral nerve injury. The second study consists of a detailed investigation of the expression pattern of ASIC1, ASIC2 and ASIC3 subunits in human DRG. More specifically I conducted several experiments investigating the co-expression of ASICs in primary sensory neurons in addition to exploring their expression pattern in peptidergic and non-peptidergic nociceptors. This study, in conjunction with my previous work, uncovered species divergence and similarities that should be taken under consideration during the translational process of successful preclinical analgesic targets to effective clinical treatments

    The ENIGMA Consortium : large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data

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    International audienceThe Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium is a collaborative network of researchers working together on a range of large-scale studies that integrate data from 70 institutions worldwide. Organized into Working Groups that tackle questions in neuroscience, genetics, and medicine, ENIGMA studies have analyzed neuroimaging data from over 12,826 subjects. In addition, data from 12,171 individuals were provided by the CHARGE consortium for replication of findings, in a total of 24,997 subjects. By meta-analyzing results from many sites, ENIGMA has detected factors that affect the brain that no individual site could detect on its own, and that require larger numbers of subjects than any individual neuroimaging study has currently collected. ENIGMA's first project was a genome-wide association study identifying common variants in the genome associated with hippocampal volume or intracranial volume. Continuing work is exploring genetic associations with subcortical volumes (ENIGMA2) and white matter microstructure (ENIGMA-DTI). Working groups also focus on understanding how schizophrenia, bipolar illness, major depression and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affect the brain. We review the current progress of the ENIGMA Consortium, along with challenges and unexpected discoveries made on the way
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