Mobility management in 5G for high-speed trains

High-speed trains (HST) are nowadays more present in our lives currently, some of them can reach speeds up to 500 km/h and futuristic concepts such as hyperloop tunnels could make trains travel at speeds up to 1000 km/h. Dealing with such high speeds arises many communication problems, for example, in mobility management, with many handovers or high Doppler frequency shifts. You might be thinking how it is possible to provide a good QoS to the users inside the train, when traveling at such elevated velocities. In the thesis, we rely on the development of 5G New Radio and the benefits associated, such as a new handover protocol introduced by 3GPP called conditional handover (CHO). By simulating with Simu5G a HST scenario we have proved that CHO can provide a better service to the users by improving the SINR levels and being more efficient than common handover.Los trenes de alta velocidad están cada vez más presentes en nuestro día a día, algunos ya alcanzan velocidades de 500 km/h, mientras que otros conceptos futuristas como los túneles hyperloop podrían hacer que alcanzaran velocidades de hasta 1000 km/h. En el ámbito de las telecomunicaciones, trabajar a tan altas velocidades conlleva algunos problemas, como por ejemplo un elevado número de handovers. Seguramente, os estéis preguntando cómo es posible establecer un servicio que cumpla unos mínimos de calidad para el usuario, cuando este viaja a tan altas velocidades. Para ello, nos hemos apoyado en la tecnología 5G i un nuevo concepto de handover llamado conditional handover (CHO), introducido por el 3GPP. A través del simulador Simu5G, hemos conseguido demostrar que el CHO no solo es un protocolo más eficiente, sino que además conlleva una mejora en los niveles de SINR, en condiciones parecidas a las de un tren de alta velocidad.Els trens d'alta velocitat estan cada vegada més presents en el nostre dia a dia, alguns ja son capaços d'arribar a velocitats pròximes als 500 km/h, mentre que altres conceptes futuristes com els túnels hyperloop podrien fer que els trens arribessin a velocitats de 1000 km/h. En l'àmbit de les comunicacions, treballar amb velocitats tan elevades comporta alguns problemes, com per exemple un ampli número de handovers. Segurament, estareu pensant com es possible establir un servei que compleixi uns mínims de qualitat de cara a l'usuari, al estar treballant amb velocitats tant elevades. Per fer-ho ens hem recolzat en la tecnologia 5G i un nou concepte de handover presentat pel 3GPP, el conditional handover (CHO). Simulant a través de Simu5G un escenari similar al d'un tren d'alta velocitat, hem pogut demostrar que el CHO no es només un protocol més eficient que el handover normal, sinó que a més a més millora els nivells de SINR

Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19

Interindividual clinical variability in the course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is vast. We report that at least 101 of 987 patients with life-threatening coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia had neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies (auto-Abs) against interferon-w (IFN-w) (13 patients), against the 13 types of IFN-a (36), or against both (52) at the onset of critical disease; a few also had auto-Abs against the other three type I IFNs. The auto-Abs neutralize the ability of the corresponding type I IFNs to block SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. These auto-Abs were not found in 663 individuals with asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection and were present in only 4 of 1227 healthy individuals. Patients with auto-Abs were aged 25 to 87 years and 95 of the 101 were men. A B cell autoimmune phenocopy of inborn errors of type I IFN immunity accounts for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia in at least 2.6% of women and 12.5% of men

Role of PATJ in stroke prognosis by modulating endothelial to mesenchymal transition through the Hippo/Notch/PI3K axis

Through GWAS studies we identified PATJ associated with functional outcome after ischemic stroke (IS). The aim of this study was to determine PATJ role in brain endothelial cells (ECs) in the context of stroke outcome. PATJ expression analyses in patient's blood revealed that: (i) the risk allele of rs76221407 induces higher expression of PATJ, (ii) PATJ is downregulated 24 h after IS, and (iii) its expression is significantly lower in those patients with functional independence, measured at 3 months with the modified Rankin scale ((mRS) ≤2), compared to those patients with marked disability (mRS = 4-5). In mice brains, PATJ was also downregulated in the injured hemisphere at 48 h after ischemia. Oxygen-glucose deprivation and hypoxia-dependent of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α also caused PATJ depletion in ECs. To study the effects of PATJ downregulation, we generated PATJ -knockdown human microvascular ECs. Their transcriptomic profile evidenced a complex cell reprogramming involving Notch, TGF-ß, PI3K/Akt, and Hippo signaling that translates in morphological and functional changes compatible with endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT). PATJ depletion caused loss of cell-cell adhesion, upregulation of metalloproteases, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cytoplasmic accumulation of the signal transducer C-terminal transmembrane Mucin 1 (MUC1-C) and downregulation of Notch and Hippo signaling. The EndMT phenotype of PATJ-depleted cells was associated with the nuclear recruitment of MUC1-C, YAP/TAZ, β-catenin, and ZEB1. Our results suggest that PATJ downregulation 24 h after IS promotes EndMT, an initial step prior to secondary activation of a pro-angiogenic program. This effect is associated with functional independence suggesting that activation of EndMT shortly after stroke onset is beneficial for stroke recovery

Role of PATJ in stroke prognosis by modulating endothelial to mesenchymal transition through the Hippo/Notch/PI3K axis

Abstract Through GWAS studies we identified PATJ associated with functional outcome after ischemic stroke (IS). The aim of this study was to determine PATJ role in brain endothelial cells (ECs) in the context of stroke outcome. PATJ expression analyses in patient’s blood revealed that: (i) the risk allele of rs76221407 induces higher expression of PATJ, (ii) PATJ is downregulated 24 h after IS, and (iii) its expression is significantly lower in those patients with functional independence, measured at 3 months with the modified Rankin scale ((mRS) ≤2), compared to those patients with marked disability (mRS = 4–5). In mice brains, PATJ was also downregulated in the injured hemisphere at 48 h after ischemia. Oxygen-glucose deprivation and hypoxia-dependent of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α also caused PATJ depletion in ECs. To study the effects of PATJ downregulation, we generated PATJ-knockdown human microvascular ECs. Their transcriptomic profile evidenced a complex cell reprogramming involving Notch, TGF-ß, PI3K/Akt, and Hippo signaling that translates in morphological and functional changes compatible with endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT). PATJ depletion caused loss of cell-cell adhesion, upregulation of metalloproteases, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cytoplasmic accumulation of the signal transducer C-terminal transmembrane Mucin 1 (MUC1-C) and downregulation of Notch and Hippo signaling. The EndMT phenotype of PATJ-depleted cells was associated with the nuclear recruitment of MUC1-C, YAP/TAZ, β-catenin, and ZEB1. Our results suggest that PATJ downregulation 24 h after IS promotes EndMT, an initial step prior to secondary activation of a pro-angiogenic program. This effect is associated with functional independence suggesting that activation of EndMT shortly after stroke onset is beneficial for stroke recovery

Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19

International audienceInterindividual clinical variability in the course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is vast. We report that at least 101 of 987 patients with life-threatening coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia had neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies (auto-Abs) against interferon-ω (IFN-ω) (13 patients), against the 13 types of IFN-α (36), or against both (52) at the onset of critical disease; a few also had auto-Abs against the other three type I IFNs. The auto-Abs neutralize the ability of the corresponding type I IFNs to block SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. These auto-Abs were not found in 663 individuals with asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection and were present in only 4 of 1227 healthy individuals. Patients with auto-Abs were aged 25 to 87 years and 95 of the 101 were men. A B cell autoimmune phenocopy of inborn errors of type I IFN immunity accounts for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia in at least 2.6% of women and 12.5% of men