Dinamic of pathogenic protozoa and cyanobacteria in a reservoir used for water supply in southeastern Brazil

O presente estudo foi baseado no monitoramento de um reservatório tropical (Vargem das Flores) utilizado para o abastecimento público de água de sete cidades da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. O reservatório foi monitorado durante quatro anos: período inicial (de 2004 a 2007) para células de cianobactérias e parâmetros físico-químicos e, subsequentemente (2007 e 2008), para oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. e cistos de Giardia spp. em quatro estações de amostragem. Também foram avaliadas as concentrações de Escherichia coli de 2007 a 2008, o que permitiu a caracterização de cada ponto de amostragem de acordo com a legislação do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) nº 274/2000. Os resultados indicaram concentrações de (oo)cistos de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. variando de 0 a 0,8 (oo)cistos.L-1, e as mais elevadas concentrações de células de cianobactérias, de 0,0 a 4,5 x 105 cels.mL-1, apontando assim para potencial risco à saúde humana caso a água do reservatório seja consumida sem tramento. As cianobactérias não foram encontradas durante a estação seca. O grupo retornou rapidamente após a desestratificação. A estação chuvosa foi caracterizada pela elevada ocorrência de cianobactérias com a predominância da espécie picoplanctônica (Aphanocapsa sp.), sobre Microcystis spp. previamente detectada, e apresentou as maiores variações de oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez, fósforo total, ortofosfato, amônia, nitrito e nitrato. A mudança observada no grupo das cianobactérias (Aphanocapsa spp. sobre Microcystis spp.) pode ser um indicativo das alterações das características da água. De acordo com as concentrações de E. coli , as estações foram classificadas como próprias para recreação de contato primário, de acordo com a Resolução CONAMA nº 274/2000.The current study monitored the water quality of a tropical reservoir (Vargem das Flores) used to supply potable water to seven cities in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, southeast Brazil. The reservoir was monitored for four years: initially (from 2004 to 2007) for cyanobacterial cells and physicochemical parameters and, subsequently (in 2007 and 2008), for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts in four sampling stations. The concentrations of Escherichia coli were also measured in 2007 and 2008, wich allowed the characterization of each sampling point according to the National Environment Council (CONAMA) no. 274/2000. Results indicated concentrations of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts ranging from 0 to 0.8 (oo)cysts.L-1, and higher concentrations of cyanobacteria cells, from 0.0 to 4.5 x 105 cells.mL-1, thus indicating potential risks to human health, if the water from the reservoir is not properly treated before consumption. The group of cyanobacteria was not found during the dry season, returning soon after destratification. The rainy season was characterized by a higher ocurrence of cyanobacteria and predominance of picoplanktonic species (Aphanocapsa spp.), over the Microcystis spp. previously found and presented the highest variations in dissolved oxygen, turbidity, total phosphorous, orthophosphate, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate. The change observed within the group of cyanobacteria (Aphanocapsa spp. over Microcystis spp.) may be indicative of changing characteristics in the water source. All the sampling points were classified as adequate for primary contact recreation, given the E. coli concentrations, according to the CONAMA Resolution no. 274/2000

estudos artísticos

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Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector

Anopheles darlingi is the principal neotropical malaria vector, responsible for more than a million cases of malaria per year on the American continent. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ∼100 million years ago (mya) and successfully adapted to the New World environment. Here we present an annotated reference A. darlingi genome, sequenced from a wild population of males and females collected in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 10 481 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated, 72% of which have their closest counterpart in Anopheles gambiae and 21% have highest similarity with other mosquito species. In spite of a long period of divergent evolution, conserved gene synteny was observed between A. darlingi and A. gambiae. More than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels with potential use as genetic markers were identified. Transposable elements correspond to 2.3% of the A. darlingi genome. Genes associated with hematophagy, immunity and insecticide resistance, directly involved in vectorhuman and vectorparasite interactions, were identified and discussed. This study represents the first effort to sequence the genome of a neotropical malaria vector, and opens a new window through which we can contemplate the evolutionary history of anopheline mosquitoes. It also provides valuable information that may lead to novel strategies to reduce malaria transmission on the South American continent. The A. darlingi genome is accessible at www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/anopheles- darlingi. © 2013 The Author(s)

Educomunicação e suas áreas de intervenção: Novos paradigmas para o diálogo intercultural

oai:omp.abpeducom.org.br:publicationFormat/1O material aqui divulgado representa, em essência, a contribuição do VII Encontro Brasileiro de Educomunicação ao V Global MIL Week, da UNESCO, ocorrido na ECA/USP, entre 3 e 5 de novembro de 2016. Estamos diante de um conjunto de 104 papers executivos, com uma média de entre 7 e 10 páginas, cada um. Com este rico e abundante material, chegamos ao sétimo e-book publicado pela ABPEducom, em seus seis primeiros anos de existência. A especificidade desta obra é a de trazer as “Áreas de Intervenção” do campo da Educomunicação, colocando-as a serviço de uma meta essencial ao agir educomunicativo: o diálogo intercultural, trabalhado na linha do tema geral do evento internacional: Media and Information Literacy: New Paradigms for Intercultural Dialogue

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Investigação da aplicabilidade da turbidez e de bactérias esporogênicas aeróbias na avaliação da remoção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. e cistos de Giardia spp em sistemas de abastecimento de água: uma abordagem de avaliação de risco

Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-14T08:40:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta__o_fabiana_de_cerqueira_martins.pdf: 4453064 bytes, checksum: 864b6b892c46773fa6143452e05903bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2Nos últimos anos, tem sido alvo de preocupação de pesquisadores e autoridades sanitárias a ocorrência dos protozoários patogênicos Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. em águas destinadas ao consumo humano, devido às suas características de persistência ambiental, baixa dose infectante e elevada resistência aos processos tradicionais de desinfecção. Além disso, apresentam métodos de identificação e quantificação onerosos e trabalhosos para a análise de rotina pelos sistemas de abastecimento de água (SAA). Nesse sentido, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização da turbidez e de bactérias esporogênicas aeróbias como variáveis de monitoramento da eficiência de remoção de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. em SAA, inserida numa abordagem de avaliação de risco associado à presença desses protozoários nas águas. Para tanto, foram avaliadas as águas bruta e tratada dos Sistemas Rio das Velhas (SRV) e Vargem das Flores (SVF), para análise de (oo)cistos de Cryptosporidium e Giardia, quinzenalmente, e de bactérias esporogênicas aeróbias, turbidez e Escherichia coli (esta somente na água bruta), semanalmente; durante os meses de janeiro a outubro de 2011. Foram comparadas as concentrações e remoções das variáveis. Também foi realizada uma avaliação de risco pelo cálculo da probabilidade de infecção para os dois protozoários. Observou-se uma concentração média de 0,3 oocisto de Cryptosporidium/L e 6,7 cistos de Giardia/L na água bruta do rio das Velhas, enquanto na represa de Vargem das Flores foram detectados, em média, 0,1 oocisto e cisto/L. Para bactérias esporogênicas foram encontradas de 2,0x103 a 3,4x105 UFC/L na água bruta do SRV, enquanto no SVF as concentrações desse micro-organismo variaram de ND a 7,4x104 UFC/L. Para turbidez, os valores na água bruta variaram de 2,71 a 250 uT no SRV, e na água tratada obtiveram-se valores entre 0,11 e 5,13 uT; já no SVF os valores dessa variável estiveram entre 0,88 e 7,53 uT na água bruta e de 0,11 a 1,08 uT na água tratada. Também em relação às concentrações de E. coli, observaram-se maiores valores para o SRV, onde foram contabilizados de 1,0x102 a 1,5x104 NMP/100 mL, enquanto no SVF houve concentrações de ND a 64,4 NMP/100 mL. Tanto as bactérias esporogênicas quanto a turbidez não se correlacionaram significativamente com os protozoários, porém, ambas as variáveis são importantes como indicadoras nos estudos de remoção de (oo)cistos de Cryptosporidium e Giardia. Também se observou que as águas do SRV e do SVF apresentam risco de infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. superior ao aceitável pela norma norte-americana, porém semelhante ao aceitável pela legislação canadense e pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Recomenda-se a continuação dos estudos de avaliação de ocorrência e remoção dos protozoários patogênicos.In recent years, has been the subject of concern to researchers and health authorities the occurrence of pathogenic protozoa Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in drinking water supplies, due to its characteristics of environmental persistence, low infective dose and highly resistance to commonly used disinfectants. Moreover, present methods for identification and quantification are expensive and laborious for routine analysis in the water supply systems (WSS). In this sense, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the use of turbidity and aerobic spore-forming bacteria such as parameters for monitoring the removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in WSS, inserted in a risk assessment approach associated with the presence of these protozoa in waters. To this end, the raw and finished water of the Rio das Velhas (RVS) and Vargem das Flores (VFS) systems were evaluated for analysis of Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts, fortnightly, aerobic spore-forming bacteria, turbidity and Escherichia coli (this only in the raw water), weekly, from January to October 2011. The removal rates of each parameter were compared. A risk assessment was also performed to calculate the infection probability for both protozoa. There was an average concentration of 0.3 Cryptosporidium oocyst/L and 6.7 Giardia cyst/L, in the Velhas river, while in the dam of Vargem das Flores were detected, on average, 0.1 oocyst and cyst/L. For spore-forming bacteria were found 2.0x103 to 3.4x105 cfu/L in RVS raw water, while in the VFS this microorganism concentrations ranged from ND to 7.4x104 cfu/L. For turbidity, the values in the raw water ranged from 2.71 to 250 NTU at RVS, and finished water obtained values between 0.11 and 5.13 NTU, whereas the VFS values of this parameter were between 0.88 and 7.53 NTU in raw water and 0.11 and 1.08 NTU in finished water. Also in respect to the E. coli concentrations, there were higher values for the RVS, where they accounted from 1.0x102 to 1.5x104 MPN/100 mL while in VFS was founded concentrations from ND to 64.4 MPN/100 mL. Both aerobic spore-forming bacteria as turbidity did not correlate significantly with the protozoa, however, both variables are important as indicators in studies of Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts removal. Also it was observed that the RVS and VFS waters shown a risk to the public health in relation to the presence of the protozoa under study higher than acceptable to the American standard, but similar to Canadian law and WHO guidelines. We recommend proceed of studies assessing the pathogenic protozoa occurrence and removal