Public Outreach Effort: Property Management Stormwater Education Seminar

2008 S.C. Water Resources Conference - Addressing Water Challenges Facing the State and Regio

Review on wildlife value orientation for ecotourism resource management

Wildlife value orientation (WVO) is important in the management of conflicts in ecotourism, particularly in human and wildlife concerns as human-wildlife conflict reported cases have increased in recent years. Therefore, this article systematically reviews literatures on WVO globally from the context of theoretical approach as well as the effect of modernization on values towards wildlife. The theoretical approach highlights the cognitive hierarchy model and the development of four theories that shapes the cultural thought towards wildlife relevant to ecotourism products. By understanding, through integrated empirical investigation, the values people hold towards wildlife, it enables the development of effective decision makings in handling the conflicts in the realm of ecotourism product or resource management

Growth rate and age effects on Mya arenaria shell chemistry: Implications for biogeochemical studies

This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 355 (2008): 153-163, doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.022.The chemical composition of bivalve shells can reflect that of their environment, making them useful indicators of climate, pollution, and ecosystem changes. However, biological factors can also influence chemical properties of biogenic carbonate. Understanding how these factors affect chemical incorporation is essential for studies that use elemental chemistry of carbonates as indicators of environmental parameters. This study examined the effects of bivalve shell growth rate and age on the incorporation of elements into juvenile softshell clams, Mya arenaria. Although previous studies have explored the effects of these two biological factors, reports have differed depending on species and environmental conditions. In addition, none of the previous studies have examined growth rate and age in the same species and within the same study. We reared clams in controlled laboratory conditions and used solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis to explore whether growth rate affects elemental incorporation into shell. Growth rate was negatively correlated with Mg, Mn, and Ba shell concentration, possibly due to increased discrimination ability with size. The relationship between growth rate and Pb and Sr was unresolved. To determine age effects on incorporation, we used laser ablation ICP-MS to measure changes in chemical composition across shells of individual clams. Age affected incorporation of Mn, Sr, and Ba within the juvenile shell, primarily due to significantly different elemental composition of early shell material compared to shell accreted later in life. Variability in shell composition increased closer to the umbo (hinge), which may be the result of methodology or may indicate an increased ability with age to discriminate against ions that are not calcium or carbonate. The effects of age and growth rate on elemental incorporation have the potential to bias data interpretation and should be considered in any biogeochemical study that uses bivalves as environmental indicators.This work was supported by NSF project numbers OCE-0241855 and OCE-0215905

Benthic pH gradients across a range of shelf sea sediment types linked to sediment characteristics and seasonal variability

This study used microelectrodes to record pH profiles in fresh shelf sea sediment cores collected across a range of different sediment types within the Celtic Sea. Spatial and temporal variability was captured during repeated measurements in 2014 and 2015. Concurrently recorded oxygen microelectrode profiles and other sedimentary parameters provide a detailed context for interpretation of the pH data. Clear differences in profiles were observed between sediment type, location and season. Notably, very steep pH gradients exist within the surface sediments (10–20 mm), where decreases greater than 0.5 pH units were observed. Steep gradients were particularly apparent in fine cohesive sediments, less so in permeable sandier matrices. We hypothesise that the gradients are likely caused by aerobic organic matter respiration close to the sediment–water interface or oxidation of reduced species at the base of the oxic zone (NH4+, Mn2+, Fe2+, S−). Statistical analysis suggests the variability in the depth of the pH minima is controlled spatially by the oxygen penetration depth, and seasonally by the input and remineralisation of deposited organic phytodetritus. Below the pH minima the observed pH remained consistently low to maximum electrode penetration (ca. 60 mm), indicating an absence of sub-oxic processes generating H+ or balanced removal processes within this layer. Thus, a climatology of sediment surface porewater pH is provided against which to examine biogeochemical processes. This enhances our understanding of benthic pH processes, particularly in the context of human impacts, seabed integrity, and future climate changes, providing vital information for modelling benthic response under future climate scenarios

A review of nitrogen isotopic alteration in marine sediments

Key Points: Use of sedimentary nitrogen isotopes is examined; On average, sediment 15N/14N increases approx. 2 per mil during early burial; Isotopic alteration scales with water depth Abstract: Nitrogen isotopes are an important tool for evaluating past biogeochemical cycling from the paleoceanographic record. However, bulk sedimentary nitrogen isotope ratios, which can be determined routinely and at minimal cost, may be altered during burial and early sedimentary diagenesis, particularly outside of continental margin settings. The causes and detailed mechanisms of isotopic alteration are still under investigation. Case studies of the Mediterranean and South China Seas underscore the complexities of investigating isotopic alteration. In an effort to evaluate the evidence for alteration of the sedimentary N isotopic signal and try to quantify the net effect, we have compiled and compared data demonstrating alteration from the published literature. A >100 point comparison of sediment trap and surface sedimentary nitrogen isotope values demonstrates that, at sites located off of the continental margins, an increase in sediment 15N/14N occurs during early burial, likely at the seafloor. The extent of isotopic alteration appears to be a function of water depth. Depth-related differences in oxygen exposure time at the seafloor are likely the dominant control on the extent of N isotopic alteration. Moreover, the compiled data suggest that the degree of alteration is likely to be uniform through time at most sites so that bulk sedimentary isotope records likely provide a good means for evaluating relative changes in the global N cycle

Numerical study of sedimentary impact of a storm on a sand beach simulated by hydrodynamic and sedimentary models

In marine coastal environments, storms have a major morphological impact on sand beaches. This study, part of the French Programme National d'Environnement Cotier, consisted in developing and applying hydrodynamic and sedimentary models to simulate the major processes that modify sand beaches. In order to study sediment dynamics, we developed three models to simulate waves, currents and sediment transport associated with a storm event. The wave model was a Mild Slope Equation model based on the parabolic approximation of the refraction-diffraction equation of Berkhoff. The hydrodynamic model was obtained by the depth-average of Navier Stockes' equations forced by the terms of radiation stresses induced by waves. The sedimentary model SEDSIM developed by Martinez and Harbaugh computed, by using empirical formulations, the transport, sorting, erosion and deposit of sediment. The numerical simulations computed the impact of a realistic storm event on a relatively realistic microtidal beach with wave-formed sand bars. The results show that after 15 h of storm, the beach receded on more than 20 m. Two sedimentary bars and an orthogonal sand structure were removed and levelled. A tendency towards a single bar was observed. (C) 2001 Ifremer/CNRS/IRD/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.Dans les zones littorales, les tempêtes ont un impact important sur la morphologie des plages sableuses. Cette étude intégrant le Programme national d’environnement côtier avait pour objectif de développer et d’appliquer des modèles hydrodynamiques et sédimentaires afin de simuler les processus dominants qui modifient les plages sableuses. Nous avons donc développé trois modèles pour simuler la propagation de la houle, les courants, et le transport sédimentaire associés à un coup de mer. Le modèle de houle est une approximation parabolique de l’équation de réfraction-diffraction de Berkhoff. Le modèle hydrodynamique est obtenu en intégrant sur la verticale les équations de Navier Stockes forcées par les termes de tension radiative induits par la houle. Le modèle sédimentaire Sedsim développé par Martinez et Harbaugh calcule par des formulations empiriques le transport, le tri, l’érosion et le dépôt des sédiments. Les simulations ont été faites à partir d’un scénario de tempête réelle ayant affecté une morphologie relativement réaliste de plage microtidale à barre d’avant-côte. Elles révèlent qu’après 15 h de tempête, la plage recule de plus de 20 m. Deux barres d’avant côte et une structure sableuse transversale se sont déplacées et ont été aplanies. Une tendance à ce qu’une seule barre d’avant côte subsiste est observée