La justicia y las mujeres en la filosofía de Platón

Resumen La circunstancia de ser mujer justa se presenta en la filosofía de Platón con cierta ambigüedad

Tomb is becaming womb

In this paper we rehearsed dialogue between two chronologically distant contexts: Plato and the present time. The issue to confront is the difference between the sexes in terms of reproduction. Plato considered irrelevant the difference in the dialogue Republic and then became one of the centers of their legislation, in a real matter of state. Currently, the increasing use of surrogacy, which makes pregnancy in a process that can be dispensed by contracting with another woman, it demands a reflection on the political significance that we attach to this practice and thus the legislative framework in which we frame it.En el trabajo ensayamos un diálogo entre dos contextos distantes cronológicamente: Platón y el tiempo presente. El tema a confrontar es la diferencia entre sexos en lo relativo a la reproducción. Platón consideró irrelevante esta diferencia en el diálogo República y a continuación la convirtió en uno de los centros de su legislación, en un verdadero asunto de estado. En la actualidad, el uso creciente de la maternidad subrogada, que convierte la gestación en un proceso del que se puede prescindir contratándola con otra mujer, nos exige una reflexión sobre el significado político que le otorgamos a tal práctica y, por ende, el marco legislativo en el que la encuadramos

Hannah Arendt: life and world of Rosa Luxemburg and Socrates

El artículo se acerca a la pensadora Hannah Arendt a través de dos figuras presentes en su vida y en su obra: Rosa Luxemburgo y Sócrates. La infancia y adolescencia de Arendt transcurren en un ambiente de implicación política cuyo eje central era la admiración por la figura de Rosa Luxemburgo. Martha Arendt, madre de Hannah, fue la primera fuente de transmisión de los ideales de Rosa Luxemburgo a su hija, y dentro de estos ideales la libertad ocupaba un lugar central. Sócrates, por su parte, constituye para la autora el paradigma de la persona que piensa, que dialoga tanto consigo mismo como con los otros.The article approaches the thinker of Hannah Arendt through two figures present in her life and in her work: Rosa Luxemburg and Socrates. Arendt’s childhood and adolescence take place in an environment of political involvement whose central axis was admiration for the figure of Rosa Luxemburg. Marta Arendt, Hannah’s mother, was the first source of transmisión of Rosa Luxemburg’s ideals to her daughter, and within these ideals, freedom occupied a central place. Socrates, for his part, constitutes for the author the paradigm of the person who thinks, who dialogues both with himself and with others

Los insectos escama (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) de raíces de café (Coffea arabica L.) en Colombia, con registros de hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en asociación

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) that feed on roots are considered of economic importance in crops such as coffee. Although noteworthy developments on the knowledge about the alpha taxonomy of such insects exist, more information concerning their diversity is necessary. The aim of this study was to update the list of scale insect species found on coffee roots in Colombia as well as to recognize their trophobiotic ants. Field trips were carried out in nine Colombian departments, where 541 samples were obtained. In total, 4,762 scale insect specimens and 450 ants were analyzed; Coccomorph specimens were prepared in microscopy-slides and ants were pinned in points and entomological pins. Likewise, 250 scale insect samples preserved in seven Colombian entomological collections were also examined. Lastly, scale insect records associated with coffee in Colombia were also revised based on available published literature. The current study provides a list of scale insect species on coffee in Colombia, including their geographical distribution and associated ants. The checklist of scale insects associated to coffee roots is updated to 61 species, 52 of which correspond to samples collected in the field and nine from entomological collections; 20 species were recorded for the first time in association with coffee and 15 species are new records for Colombia. Puto barberi, Geococcus coffeae, the Dysmicoccus complex texensis, Rhizoecus colombiensis and Pseudococcus elisae, were the most frequently observed scale insect species on coffee in Colombia. Furthermore, 32 morphospecies of ants were found, of which 30 are known to be in facultative trophobiotic relationships with hemipterans, and two species of the Acropyga genus are known for their trophophoresy with scale insects.Los insectos escama asociados a raíces son de interés económico en cultivos como el café. Aunque existen desarrollos notables en el conocimiento sobre la taxonomía alfa de tales insectos, se requiere más información sobre su diversidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue actualizar la lista de especies de insectos escama huéspedes en raíces de café en Colombia, así como reconocer sus hormigas trofobióticas. Se recolectaron 541 muestras en nueve departamentos de Colombia; se analizaron 4.762 especímenes de insectos escama y 450 hormigas. Los coccomorfos se prepararon en láminas para microscopía y las hormigas, en doble montaje en seco. Asimismo, se examinaron 250 muestras de escamas conservadas en siete colecciones entomológicos de Colombia. Por último, se revisó la literatura relacionada con registros previos de escamas en café para el país. La presente investigación provee una lista actualizada de especies de insectos escama para el cultivo en el país, incluida su distribución geográfica y hormigas asociadas. Se actualiza la lista de insectos escama asociadas a raíces de café a 61 especies, 52 de ellas obtenidas a partir de las muestras analizadas y nueve por registros de literatura; se hacen 20 nuevos registros de asociación con café y 15 nuevos registros para Colombia. Las especies con mayor presencia en el cultivo fueron Puto barberi, Geococcus coffeae, complejo Dysmicoccus texensis, Rhizoecus colombiensis y Pseudococcus elisae. Además, se obtuvieron 32 morfoespecies de hormigas, de las cuales 30 se conocen en relaciones trofobíoticas facultativas con hemípteros, y dos del género Acropyga en trofoforesia

Effects of intubation timing in patients with COVID-19 throughout the four waves of the pandemic : a matched analysis

The primary aim of our study was to investigate the association between intubation timing and hospital mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19-associated respiratory failure. We also analysed both the impact of such timing throughout the first four pandemic waves and the influence of prior non-invasive respiratory support on outcomes. This is a secondary analysis of a multicentre, observational and prospective cohort study that included all consecutive patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation due to COVID-19 from across 58 Spanish intensive care units (ICU) participating in the CIBERESUCICOVID project. The study period was between 29 February 2020 and 31 August 2021. Early intubation was defined as that occurring within the first 24 h of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Propensity score (PS) matching was used to achieve balance across baseline variables between the early intubation cohort and those patients who were intubated after the first 24 h of ICU admission. Differences in outcomes between early and delayed intubation were also assessed. We performed sensitivity analyses to consider a different timepoint (48 h from ICU admission) for early and delayed intubation. Of the 2725 patients who received invasive mechanical ventilation, a total of 614 matched patients were included in the analysis (307 for each group). In the unmatched population, there were no differences in mortality between the early and delayed groups. After PS matching, patients with delayed intubation presented higher hospital mortality (27.3% versus 37.1%, p =0.01), ICU mortality (25.7% versus 36.1%, p=0.007) and 90-day mortality (30.9% versus 40.2%, p=0.02) when compared to the early intubation group. Very similar findings were observed when we used a 48-hour timepoint for early or delayed intubation. The use of early intubation decreased after the first wave of the pandemic (72%, 49%, 46% and 45% in the first, second, third and fourth wave, respectively; first versus second, third and fourth waves p<0.001). In both the main and sensitivity analyses, hospital mortality was lower in patients receiving high-flow nasal cannula (n=294) who were intubated earlier. The subgroup of patients undergoing NIV (n=214) before intubation showed higher mortality when delayed intubation was set as that occurring after 48 h from ICU admission, but not when after 24 h. In patients with COVID-19 requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, delayed intubation was associated with a higher risk of hospital mortality. The use of early intubation significantly decreased throughout the course of the pandemic. Benefits of such an approach occurred more notably in patients who had received high-flow nasal cannul

Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 viremia is associated with genetic variants of genes related to COVID-19 pathogenesis

IntroductionSARS-CoV-2 viral load has been related to COVID-19 severity. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viremia and SNPs in genes previously studied by our group as predictors of COVID-19 severity.Materials and methodsRetrospective observational study including 340 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in the University Hospital La Princesa between March 2020 and December 2021, with at least one viremia determination. Positive viremia was considered when viral load was above the quantifiable threshold (20 copies/ml). A total of 38 SNPs were genotyped. To study their association with viremia a multivariate logistic regression was performed.ResultsThe mean age of the studied population was 64.5 years (SD 16.6), 60.9% patients were male and 79.4% white non-Hispanic. Only 126 patients (37.1%) had at least one positive viremia. After adjustment by confounders, the presence of the minor alleles of rs2071746 (HMOX1; T/T genotype OR 9.9 p &lt; 0.0001), rs78958998 (probably associated with SERPING1 expression; A/T genotype OR 2.3, p = 0.04 and T/T genotype OR 12.9, p &lt; 0.0001), and rs713400 (eQTL for TMPRSS2; C/T + T/T genotype OR 1.86, p = 0.10) were associated with higher risk of viremia, whereas the minor alleles of rs11052877 (CD69; A/G genotype OR 0.5, p = 0.04 and G/G genotype OR 0.3, p = 0.01), rs2660 (OAS1; A/G genotype OR 0.6, p = 0.08), rs896 (VIPR1; T/T genotype OR 0.4, p = 0.02) and rs33980500 (TRAF3IP2; C/T + T/T genotype OR 0.3, p = 0.01) were associated with lower risk of viremia.ConclusionGenetic variants in HMOX1 (rs2071746), SERPING1 (rs78958998), TMPRSS2 (rs713400), CD69 (rs11052877), TRAF3IP2 (rs33980500), OAS1 (rs2660) and VIPR1 (rs896) could explain heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 viremia in our population

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Effect of remote ischaemic conditioning on clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI): a single-blind randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Remote ischaemic conditioning with transient ischaemia and reperfusion applied to the arm has been shown to reduce myocardial infarct size in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). We investigated whether remote ischaemic conditioning could reduce the incidence of cardiac death and hospitalisation for heart failure at 12 months. METHODS: We did an international investigator-initiated, prospective, single-blind, randomised controlled trial (CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI) at 33 centres across the UK, Denmark, Spain, and Serbia. Patients (age >18 years) with suspected STEMI and who were eligible for PPCI were randomly allocated (1:1, stratified by centre with a permuted block method) to receive standard treatment (including a sham simulated remote ischaemic conditioning intervention at UK sites only) or remote ischaemic conditioning treatment (intermittent ischaemia and reperfusion applied to the arm through four cycles of 5-min inflation and 5-min deflation of an automated cuff device) before PPCI. Investigators responsible for data collection and outcome assessment were masked to treatment allocation. The primary combined endpoint was cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure at 12 months in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02342522) and is completed. FINDINGS: Between Nov 6, 2013, and March 31, 2018, 5401 patients were randomly allocated to either the control group (n=2701) or the remote ischaemic conditioning group (n=2700). After exclusion of patients upon hospital arrival or loss to follow-up, 2569 patients in the control group and 2546 in the intervention group were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. At 12 months post-PPCI, the Kaplan-Meier-estimated frequencies of cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure (the primary endpoint) were 220 (8·6%) patients in the control group and 239 (9·4%) in the remote ischaemic conditioning group (hazard ratio 1·10 [95% CI 0·91-1·32], p=0·32 for intervention versus control). No important unexpected adverse events or side effects of remote ischaemic conditioning were observed. INTERPRETATION: Remote ischaemic conditioning does not improve clinical outcomes (cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure) at 12 months in patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI. FUNDING: British Heart Foundation, University College London Hospitals/University College London Biomedical Research Centre, Danish Innovation Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, TrygFonden

Lo femenino en Platón

Pretende descubrir la conceptualización de lo Femenino en la Filosofía platónica. Para ello hemos desarrollado tres ejes de investigación: 1̊ Análisis de textos en los que el filósofo tematiza explícitamente a las mujeres. 2̊ Descubrimiento de aquellos casos en los que el filósofo utiliza a las mujeres o elementos socializados como femeninos empleándolos como referencias analógicas para explicar temas centrales de su filosofía. 3̊ Funcionalidad de las figuras femeninas de Diotima y Aspasia en relación con el personaje Sócrates. La tesis consta de índice, introducción, seis capítulos, apéndice, conclusiones y bibliografía. Los títulos de los seis capítulos y del apéndice son los siguientes: capítulo I: el anér agathós; capítulo II:la femenización de la retórica: el caso del Menéxeno; capítulo III: inclusión de la mujer en la República versus exclusión en el Banquete. Capítulo IV: un paradigma paradójico. Apéndice: el precedente aristofánico. Hemos llegado a la conclusión de que en Platón la mujer se configura como simulacro, ya que: las actividades realizadas por mujeres son calificadas de mera simulación o apariencia,B) Aspasia nos es presentada ejerciendo una de estas actividades de simulación en el terreno de lo público, C) Cuando en el Timeo hace recuento del campo ontológico recurre a la imagen familiar de padre, madre e hijos. La madre es la referencia para explicar el desorden dekl medio espacial