Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\ub0C (mean = 3.0 \ub1 2.1\ub0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \ub1 2.3\ub0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler ( 120.7 \ub1 2.3\ub0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km <sup>2</sup> resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km <sup>2</sup> pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Spatial Distribution of the Local Meteorological Fields and Dust Concentration in Kakheti Atmosphere in Case of the Northern Background Wind

Spatial distribution of meteorological fields and dust concentrations in case of northern background winds is studied by means of the model of mesoscale atmospheric processes evolution at the territory of Kakheti and numerical integration of transfer-diffusion of passive admixtures. It is shown that the Kakheti terrain has significant impact on formation of meteorological fields in boundary layer. The impact of terrain is substantially weaker in free atmosphere. Influence of regional terrain on background flow causes formation of horizontal and vertical swirls and waves directed along the background flow. There is a wave not only in atmospheric boundary layer, but also in free atmosphere. Vertical vortexes are formed on windward and leeward sides of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountains, some of them are in the vicinity of ranges. Sizes of formed vortexes are depended on ridge width and height or on gorge depth. Pictures of dust spatial distribution are obtained. Dust dispersion areas in cities are determined. Dust dispersion kinematics is studied. It is obtained, that in 2-100 m atmospheric layer dust dispersion mainly occurs through turbulent diffusion. In layer from 100 meters to 1 km height the processes of diffusive and advective transfer are equal, while above 1 km advective transfer of dust is primary

Evaluation of the contamination of the atmosphere of Rustavi with microparticles by numerical modeling

რიცხვითი მოდელირებით გამოკვლეულია ქ.რუსთავის ატმოსფერულ ჰაერში გაბნეული მიკრონაწილაკების ცვლილების კინემატიკა აღმოსავლეთის ფონური სუსტი და ძლიერი ქარების დროს. მოდელირებით მიღებულია კონცენტრაციების მნიშვნელობები, რომლებიც რეგულარული დაკვირვებებით მიღებული სიდიდეების ფარგლებშია. ქარის სიჩქარისა და კონცენტრაციის ველების ანალიზით დადგენილია, რომ ძლიერად დამტვერიანებული არეების სივრცული განაწილება დამოკიდებულია, როგორც წარმოქმნილი მიკრონაწილაკების კონცენტრაციაზე, ავტოტრსანსპორტის მოძრაობის ინტენსივობაზე, ავტომაგისტრალების მდებარეობაზე, ასევე ქარის სიჩქარესა და მიმართულებაზე. კონცენტრაციისა და ქარის სიჩქარის სივრცული განაწილების სურათების ერთმანეთთან შედარება გვიჩვენებს, რომ ფონური ძლიერი ქარის დროს ნაწილაკების ადვექციურ გადატანას გააჩნია დომინანტი როლი დაბინძურების გავრცელების პროცესში.The kinematics of the change of microparticles dispersed in the atmospheric air of Rustavi city during background weak and strong winds from the east have been investigated by numerical modeling. Modeling results in concentrations that are within the limits of regular observations. By analyzing the wind speed and concentration fields, it is established that the spatial distribution of heavily dusted areas depends both on the concentration of generated microparticles, the intensity of traffic, the location of highways, as well as wind speed and direction. Comparing the images of the spatial distribution of concentration and wind speed with each other shows that the advective transport of particles during the background strong wind has a dominant role in the process of pollution spreading

Numerical Modeling of the Anthropogenic Dust Transfer by Means of Quasistatic and Non-Quasistatic Models

Kinematics of the anthropogenic dust propagation emitted into the atmosphere by big cities and separate sources using numerical integration of the system of three-dimensional non-linear quasistatic and non-static equations of atmosphere hydrothermodinamics and equation of dust transfer-diffusion in the atmosphere are studied. It is obtained through modeling that kinematics of a dust propagation obtained by quazistatic and non-static equations have both common and different features. In case of beta- mesoscale diffusion, which is described by means of quazistatic equations, advective diffusion plays the key role in the dust transfer process of. In case of gamma- mesoscale diffusion, which is described by means of non-static equations, the major role in the process of dust transfer, is played by convective diffusion

Numerical Modeling of PM2.5 Propagation in Tbilisi Atmosphere in Winter. I. A Case of Background North Light Wind

PM2.5 propagation at Tbilisi territory in winter period in case of background north light wind is numerically modeled and analyzed through combined integration of 3D regional model of atmospheric processes evolution and equation of admixtures transfer-diffusion. Motor transport moving at city streets and trunk lines is a main source of atmosphere pollution. There are investigated the main peculiarities, which characterize the process of microaerosols spatial distribution under rugged terrain conditions. PM2.5 high concentration zones are established at the territory of city, time intervals, when high air pollution forms or air self-purification takes place, are determined. Temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5 concentration in the lower part of atmospheric boundary layer are studied. It is established that 25 mkg/m3 and higher concentration is obtained from 11AM to 1PM and from 7PM to 10PM in the surroundings of Ponichala situated in the eastern part of the city