Prevalence of obesity and overweight among school children of Pune city, Maharashtra, India: a cross sectional study

Background: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality as well as reduced life expectancy. The last two decade of previous century have witnessed dramatic increase in health care cost due to obesity and related issues among children and adolescents. The objective of the study was to find out prevalence of obesity and overweight among school children.Methods: The present cross sectional study was undertaken during July 2009 to April 2011 in randomly selected 4 schools of Pune city. Total 1281 children between the age group of 10 to 15 years were examined after taking written informed consent of their parents using pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured performa. Anthropometric measurements were taken and BMI were calculated. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were determined based on the IOTF (International Obesity Task Force) criteria. Thus collected data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Open- Epi Software. (Version 2.3)Results: Out of 1281 children, 704 were from government schools and 577 were from private schools. Out of total children 54.09% were males. According to Modified Kuppuswamy Classification, all children of Private Schools belonged to Upper Class whereas it was so only in 27.41% of Government School children who belonged maximally to Upper Middle Class 378 (67.5%). Prevalence of obesity and overweight among children of government school was 2.98% and 8.23% respectively. Prevalence of obesity and overweight among children of private school was 8.83% and 12.13% respectively. Prevalence of both obesity and overweight was found to be maximum in 15 years age group both in Government schools and private schools. Overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was 5.62% and 9.99% respectively.Conclusions: High prevalence of obesity and overweight in school children indicate an urgent need to increase awareness via education and motivation of all stakeholders. This will go a long way in preventing childhood obesity and thus ultimately stemming the rising tide of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardio vascular disease in India.

Determinants of obesity and overweight among school children of Pune city, Maharashtra, India: a cross sectional study

Background: Obesity  is  associated  with  an  increased  risk  of  morbidity  and  mortality  as  well  as  reduced   life  expectancy. The  last  two  decade  of  previous  century  have  witnessed  dramatic  increase  in  health  care  cost  due  to  obesity  and  related  issues  among  children  and  adolescents.The main objective of the study was to find out determinants of obesity and overweight among school children.Methods: The present cross sectional study was undertaken during July 2009 to April 2011 in   randomly selected 4 schools of Pune city, India. Total 1281 children between the age group of 10 to 15 years were examined after taking written informed consent of their parents using pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured performa. Anthropometric measurements were taken and BMI were calculated. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were determined based on the IOTF (International Obesity Task Force) criteria. Various determinants of obesity and overweight were studied by interviewing children. Thus collected data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Open- Epi Software (Version 2.3).Results: Out of 1281 children, 54.09% were males. Overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was 5.62% and 9.99% respectively. The  prevalence  of  obesity  and  overweight  was  significantly higher  amongst  less  active group  (9.3 %  and  13.95%, respectively) as  compared  to  more  active  group. Prevalence  of  obesity  and  overweight  was  significantly higher   in  the group  of children who spent >3 hours for study  and  who  spent >2 hours  daily   in  front  of  television  or  computers. The  prevalence  of  obesity  and  overweight  was significantly  higher  amongst  group of children who  took  daily  calories  above RDA (18.57%  and  15.19%  , respectively)  as  compared  to  the  other  group. The  prevalence  of  obesity  and  overweight   was  significantly higher  in  them (8.91%  and  13.36%)  as compared  to    those  who  took  junk  food  less  than  or  equal  to  2  times  per  week (1.71%  and  5.98%,respectively). The  prevalence  of  obesity  and  overweight  among  children  having  parents  with history  of  obesity   was  46.15%  and  17.94%, respectively which  was  significantly   higher  than those  without  parental  history  of  obesity (4.34%  and  9.74%).Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity and overweight was significantly higher in children with sedentary lifestyle, high consumption of junk food and high calorie diet with positive family history of obesity.

Prevalence of hypertension and its association with obesity among school children of Pune city, Maharashtra, India: a cross sectional study

Background:There   are numerous   psychological, physical and economic consequences of obesity. Conditions such  as type 2 diabetes  mellitus, hypertension  and  hypercholesterolemia, which were  noted  primarily  in  adults,  are  becoming  more  common among  children  with the  increase  in  the  prevalence  of  obesity. The objective of the study was to find out prevalence of hypertension and its association with obesity among school children.Methods: The present cross sectional study was undertaken during July 2009 to April 2011 in   randomly selected 4 schools of Pune city. Total 1281 children between the age group of 10 to 15 years were examined after taking written informed consent of their parents using pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured performa. Anthropometric measurements were taken and BMI were calculated. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were determined based on the IOTF (International Obesity Task Force) criteria. Blood pressure was measured in the left arm to the nearest 1 mmHg using an electronic machine (Omron Corporation Tokyo, Japan), with the participant seated in a relaxed position. Thus collected data was analyzed using   Microsoft Excel and Open- Epi Software. (Version 2.3)Results: Out of 1281 children, 54.09% were males. Overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was 5.62% and 9.99% respectively. Overall, amongst  200  obese  and  overweight  children  identified, prevalence  of  hypertension   was  6%  and  that  of  pre hypertension   was  4.5% as  compared  to 1.25%  and  1.5% ,respectively among the normal  weight  children. Mean MAC (Mid Upper Arm Circumference) of obese and overweight was 24.8 cm and that of Normal weight children, was 19.1cm with standard deviations of 2.8 and 2.4 cm, respectively.  Average Waist-Hip ratio of obese and overweight was 0.87 and that of normal weight children, was 0.80. Mean SBP (Systolic Blood Pressure) of obese and overweight was 111 mm Hg and that of normal weight children was 107 mm of Hg. Mean DBP (Diastolic Blood Pressure) of obese and overweight was 73 mm of Hg and that of normal weight was 69 mm of Hg.Conclusions: Anthropometric measurements like Waist Hip Ratio, MAC and mean SBP and DBP among obese and overweight group of children were significantly higher as compared to normal weight group of children.

Electrohydrodynamics within electrical double layer in a pressure-driven flow in presence of finite temperature gradients

A wide spectrum of electrokinetic studies is modelled as isothermal ones to expedite analysis even when such conditions may be extremely difficult to realize in practice. As a clear and novel departure from this trend, we address the case of flow-induced electrohydrodynamics, commonly referred to as streaming potential, in a situation where finite temperature gradients do indeed exist. By way of analysing a model problem of flow through a narrow parallel plate channel, we show that the temperature gradients have a significant effect on the streaming potential, and, consequently, on the flow itself. We incorporate thermoelectric effects in our model by a full-fledged coupling among the electric potential, the ionic species distribution, the fluid velocity and the local fluid temperature fields without resorting to ad hoc simplifications. We expect this expository study to contribute towards more sophisticated future inquiries into practical micro-/nano-fluidic applications coupling thermal field focusing with electrokinetic effects.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figure

First measurement of the Hubble Constant from a Dark Standard Siren using the Dark Energy Survey Galaxies and the LIGO/Virgo Binary–Black-hole Merger GW170814

International audienceWe present a multi-messenger measurement of the Hubble constant H 0 using the binary–black-hole merger GW170814 as a standard siren, combined with a photometric redshift catalog from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). The luminosity distance is obtained from the gravitational wave signal detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO)/Virgo Collaboration (LVC) on 2017 August 14, and the redshift information is provided by the DES Year 3 data. Black hole mergers such as GW170814 are expected to lack bright electromagnetic emission to uniquely identify their host galaxies and build an object-by-object Hubble diagram. However, they are suitable for a statistical measurement, provided that a galaxy catalog of adequate depth and redshift completion is available. Here we present the first Hubble parameter measurement using a black hole merger. Our analysis results in , which is consistent with both SN Ia and cosmic microwave background measurements of the Hubble constant. The quoted 68% credible region comprises 60% of the uniform prior range [20, 140] km s−1 Mpc−1, and it depends on the assumed prior range. If we take a broader prior of [10, 220] km s−1 Mpc−1, we find (57% of the prior range). Although a weak constraint on the Hubble constant from a single event is expected using the dark siren method, a multifold increase in the LVC event rate is anticipated in the coming years and combinations of many sirens will lead to improved constraints on H 0

Erratum: “Searches for Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars at Two Harmonics in 2015–2017 LIGO Data” (2019, ApJ, 879, 10)

Due to an error at the publisher, in the published article the number of pulsars presented in the paper is incorrect in multiple places throughout the text. Specifically, "222" pulsars should be "221." Additionally, the number of pulsars for which we have EM observations that fully overlap with O1 and O2 changes from "168" to "167." Elsewhere, in the machine-readable table of Table 1 and in Table 2, the row corresponding to pulsar J0952-0607 should be excised as well. Finally, in the caption for Table 2 the number of pulsars changes from "188" to "187.

Targeted numerical simulations of binary black holes for GW170104

In response to LIGO’s observation of GW170104, we performed a series of full numerical simulations of binary black holes, each designed to replicate likely realizations of its dynamics and radiation. These simulations have been performed at multiple resolutions and with two independent techniques to solve Einstein’s equations. For the nonprecessing and precessing simulations, we demonstrate the two techniques agree mode by mode, at a precision substantially in excess of statistical uncertainties in current LIGO’s observations. Conversely, we demonstrate our full numerical solutions contain information which is not accurately captured with the approximate phenomenological models commonly used to infer compact binary parameters. To quantify the impact of these differences on parameter inference for GW170104 specifically, we compare the predictions of our simulations and these approximate models to LIGO’s observations of GW170104