The History and Process of the Development of the Modern Flute

The flute has gone through many phases of development starting from its early form to the modern model which is played today. Though many important flute makers, composers and musicians were part of this process, Johann Joachim Quantz and Theobald Boehm were the two major contributors to the flute’s technological developments. The flute started as a simple tube with holes to which keys were progressively added by Quantz. Boehm completely redesigned the flute to enable the performer to cover more holes than the human hand fingers alone are capable. Although the work of Quantz and Boehm took time to become accepted, the developments have become an integral part of what is now known as the modern flute

Transitologia, consolidologia e democracia na América Latina: uma revisão crítica

Os objetivos centrais deste trabalho consistem em apontar os traços mais relevantes das conceitualizações já clássicas realizadas sobre os processos de transição e consolidação democrática na América Latina, discutir a noção de democracia nelas implícita e esboçar algumas objeções e críticas. Procura-se destacar a necessidade de uma concepção de democracia menos limitada e "conformista" que permita observar e julgar, de modo mais exigente, as democracias latino-americanas contemporâneas em termos de qualidade, densidade social e legitimidade popular. Abstract The main goal of this paper is to point to the most salient characteristics of classical conceptualizations of the processes of democratic transition and consolidation in Latin America, discussing the notions of democracy implicit therein and putting forth various objections and critique. I attempt to demonstrate the need for a less limited and "conformist" conception of democracy that can allow us to more stringently observe and judge contemporary Latin American democracies in terms of quality, social density and popular legitimacy. Résumé Les principaux objectifs de ce travail sont la présentation des traits les plus importants des conceptualisations classiques, ayant lieu sous les processus de transition et consolidation démocratique en Amérique Latine, la discussion de la notion de démocratie y comprise et l'introduction de quelques objections et critiques.On cherche à souligner le besoin d'une conception de démocratie moins limitée et «conformiste» qui favoriserait qu'on observe et juge de façon plus rigoureuse les démocraties latino-américaines contemporaines en ce qui concerne la qualité, la densité sociale et la légitimité populaire

Substance use disorders: treatment with genetic potential?

Substance use disorders are a growing global public health concern. Recognized by the DSM-V and ICD-10 as a chronic psychiatric disorder, substance use disorders cause significant morbidity and mortality, accounting for almost 5% of the global burden of disease. Substance abusers are at increased risk for psychiatric conditions and have higher rates of comorbid disease, including: HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Tuberculosis. Economically, substance use disorders cost the United States over 193 billion dollars each year through costs incurred by the criminal court system, healthcare costs from increased morbidity, and loss of productivity from disability and incarceration. The negative stigma attached to addicts and addition causes many individuals to deny their illness and avoid treatment. Significant disparities exist in subsets of the US population in both the prevalence of substance use disorders as well as access and referral to treatment. Individuals from the LGBT community, active service members of the US military, military veterans, women and incarcerated individuals face considerable barriers in accessing treatment. These disorders, due to their chronic nature, require long-term prevention efforts and continued treatment throughout the affected individual’s life. Recovered substance abusers are always at risk for relapse, particularly when they lack support, coping skills and understanding from their community. Substance use disorders are affected by environmental and genetic factors, as well as gene-environment interactions. Through the use of better prevention efforts, improved treatment protocols and changes to the criminal justice system, the public health burden in the United States can be lowered, improving the economy, and setting a positive example for other countries to emulate. Incorporating the information known about genetics and addiction into current treatment practices could have significant positive effects on treatment outcomes and future prevention efforts, improving the overall health of the public

Transitologia, consolidologia e democracia na América Latina: uma revisão crítica

Os objetivos centrais deste trabalho consistem em apontar os traços mais relevantes das conceitualizações já clássicas realizadas sobre os processos de transição e consolidação democrática na América Latina, discutir a noção de democracia nelas implícita e esboçar algumas objeções e críticas. Procura-se destacar a necessidade de uma concepção de democracia menos limitada e "conformista" que permita observar e julgar, de modo mais exigente, as democracias latino-americanas contemporâneas em termos de qualidade, densidade social e legitimidade popular. Abstract The main goal of this paper is to point to the most salient characteristics of classical conceptualizations of the processes of democratic transition and consolidation in Latin America, discussing the notions of democracy implicit therein and putting forth various objections and critique. I attempt to demonstrate the need for a less limited and "conformist" conception of democracy that can allow us to more stringently observe and judge contemporary Latin American democracies in terms of quality, social density and popular legitimacy. Résumé Les principaux objectifs de ce travail sont la présentation des traits les plus importants des conceptualisations classiques, ayant lieu sous les processus de transition et consolidation démocratique en Amérique Latine, la discussion de la notion de démocratie y comprise et l'introduction de quelques objections et critiques.On cherche à souligner le besoin d'une conception de démocratie moins limitée et «conformiste» qui favoriserait qu'on observe et juge de façon plus rigoureuse les démocraties latino-américaines contemporaines en ce qui concerne la qualité, la densité sociale et la légitimité populaire

[Reactive arthritis: advances in diagnosis and treatment]

Reactive Arthritis (ReA) is an aseptic synovitis developing after a primary infection distant from the joint, mainly localized in the gastrointestinal (Enteroarthritis) or genitourinary tract (Uroarthritis). Because of either the asymmetric joint involvement, the possibility of involvement of the spine and enthesis, and the HLA-B27 association ReA is considered one of the spondylarthropathies. Recently, bacterial components or viable bacteria were found in joints during ReA. For this reason, the limits between ReA itself and infectious arthritis are now less definite. Generally accepted diagnostic and classification criteria are still lacking but the improvement in techniques for detection of bacteria increase the possibility to identify the triggering agents. Several studies have examined the role of antimicrobial drugs in ameliorating the natural course of ReA, with some positive results for Uroarthritis only. However, more conventional treatments based on NSAIDs, sulfasalazine and steroids are effective in many cases

Vehicle Design Data Format and Process for a Complete TARIS and OLTARIS Radiation Analysis for Designers and Engineers

Protecting astronauts from space radiation is a complex task when it comes to modeling and simulation. This document shows what information is needed from a spacecraft designer using CAD (Computer-Assisted Design) at each phase of the design to enable the engineers to evaluate the design phase against space radiation limits to determine the suitability of the design for space flight. The current personal exposure limits are listed in NASA STD-3001. A proxy to determine the REID (Radiation Exposure Induced Death) in NASA STD-3001 is the whole body effective dose equivalent (E or effective dose). For short-term tissue effects, organ-averaged gray equivalent (G (sub T)) is used. The TARIS (Tool for the Assessment of Radiation In Space - for LaRC (Langley Research Center) engineers) and OLTARIS (On-Line TARIS) - for designers) systems are used to generate these response functions. The E can use ICRP60 or NASA Q-values. A possible space radiation design basis environment for short-term tissue effects is described and used in all analyses. A single space vehicle was designed with three astronaut configurations and two of those configurations were used in a storm shelter thickness perturbation analysis. Conversion of the data from the CAD model to input necessary for TARIS and OLTARIS is also discussed in detail with relevant examples

Vasa Nervorum in rat major pelvic ganglion are innervated by nitrergic nerve fibers

INTRODUCTION The vasa nervorum comprises a network of small diameter blood vessels that provide blood supply to nerves and ganglia. The cell bodies of autonomic nerves innervating the urogenital organs are housed in the major pelvic ganglia (MPG) in rats. The vasa nervorum of rat MPG have not been characterized previously, and it is not known whether these blood vessels are innervated by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) containing nitrergic nerves. AIM To characterize the blood vessels in and around the rat MPG and to assess their nitrergic innervation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Characterization of small blood vessels in and around the rat MPG and expression of nNOS in nerve fibers around those blood vessels. METHODS MPG were obtained from healthy Sprague Dawley rats, fixed in paraformaldehyde, frozen and sectioned using a cryostat. The blood vessels and their nitrergic innervation were assessed with immunohistochemistry using antibodies against alpha-smooth muscle actin (smooth muscle marker), CD31 (endothelial marker), collagen IV (basal membrane marker) and nNOS. The immunofluorescence was imaged using a laser scanning confocal microscope. RESULTS The neuronal cell bodies were contained within a capsule in the MPG. Blood vessels were observed within the capsule of the MPG as well as outside the capsule. The blood vessels inside the capsule were CD31-positive capillaries with no smooth muscle staining. Outside the capsule capillaries, arterioles and venules were observed. The extra-capsular arterioles and venules, but not the capillaries were innervated by nNOS-positive nerve fibers. CONCLUSIONS This study, to our knowledge, is the first to demonstrate the blood vessel distribution pattern and their nitrergic innervation in the rat MPG. While similar studies in human pelvic plexus are warranted, these results suggest that the blood flow in the MPG may be regulated by nitrergic nerve fibers and reveal a reciprocal relationship between nerves and blood vessels. Beetson KA, Smith SF, Muneer A, Cameron NE, Cotter MA, and Cellek S. Vasa nervorum in rat major pelvic ganglion are innervated by nitrergic nerve fibers. J Sex Med **;**:**-**

Coupling between waveguides and microresonators:The local approach

Coupling between optical microresonators and waveguides is a critical characteristic of resonant photonic devices that has complex behavior that is not well understood. When the characteristic variation length of the microresonator modes is much larger than the waveguide width, local coupling parameters emerge that are independent of the resonator mode distributions and offer a simplified description of coupling behavior. We develop a robust numerical-fitting-based methodology for experimental determination of the local coupling parameters in all coupling regimes and demonstrate their characterization along a microfiber waveguide coupled to an elongated bottle microresonator

Hygienic quality of dehydrated aromatic herbs marketed in Southern Portugal

Dehydrated aromatic herbs are highly valued ingredients, widely used at home level and by food processing industry, frequently added to a great number of recipes in the Mediterranean countries. Despite being considered low-moisture products and classified as GRAS, during pre and post-harvesting stages of production they are susceptible of microbial contamination. In Europe an increasing number of food recalls and disease outbreaks associated with dehydrated herbs have been reported in recent years. In this study the microbial quality of 99 samples of aromatic herbs (bay leaves, basil, coriander, oregano, parsley, Provence herbs, rosemary and thyme) collected from retails shops in the region of Algarve (Southern Portugal) was assessed. All the samples were tested by conventional methods and were assayed for the total count of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive staphylococci and filamentous fungi. Almost 50 % of the herbs did not exceed the aerobic mesophilic level of 104 CFU/g. The fungi count regarded as unacceptable (106 CFU/g) was not found in any of the tested herbs, while 84 % of the samples ranged from ≤102 to 104 CFU/g. No sample was positive for the presence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and staphylococci. The results are in compliance with the European Commission criteria although they point out to the permanent need of surveillance on the good standards of handling/cooking practices as well as the importance of avoiding contamination at production, retailing and distribution. The microbiological hazards associated with the pathogenic and toxigenic microbiota of dried herbs remain as a relevant public health issue, due to the fact that they are added to foods not submitted to any following lethal procedure. Control measures should be adopted in order to ensure that all phases of their supply chain respect the food safety standards.FCT: UID/BIA/04325/2019.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Slogging and Stumbling Toward Social Justice in a Private Elementary School: The Complicated Case of St. Malachy

This case study examines St. Malachy, an urban Catholic elementary school primarily serving children traditionally marginalized by race, class, linguistic heritage, and disability. As a private school, St. Malachy serves the public good by recruiting and retaining such traditionally marginalized students. As empirical studies involving Catholic schools frequently juxtapose them with public schools, the author presents this examination from a different tack. Neither vilifying nor glorifying Catholic schooling, this study critically examines the pursuit of social justice in this school context. Data gathered through a 1-year study show that formal and informal leaders in St. Malachy adapted their governance, aggressively sought community resources, and focused their professional development to build the capacity to serve their increasingly pluralistic student population. The analysis confirms the deepening realization that striving toward social justice is a messy, contradictory, and complicated pursuit, and that schools in both public and private sectors are allies in this pursuit