Genetic associations at 53 loci highlight cell types and biological pathways relevant for kidney function.

Reduced glomerular filtration rate defines chronic kidney disease and is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), combining data across 133,413 individuals with replication in up to 42,166 individuals. We identify 24 new and confirm 29 previously identified loci. Of these 53 loci, 19 associate with eGFR among individuals with diabetes. Using bioinformatics, we show that identified genes at eGFR loci are enriched for expression in kidney tissues and in pathways relevant for kidney development and transmembrane transporter activity, kidney structure, and regulation of glucose metabolism. Chromatin state mapping and DNase I hypersensitivity analyses across adult tissues demonstrate preferential mapping of associated variants to regulatory regions in kidney but not extra-renal tissues. These findings suggest that genetic determinants of eGFR are mediated largely through direct effects within the kidney and highlight important cell types and biological pathways

Numerical solutions of the reaction diffusion system by using exponential cubic B-spline collocation algorithms

The solutions of the reaction-diffusion system are given by method of collocation based on the exponential B-splines. Thus the reaction-diffusion systemturns into an iterative banded algebraic matrix equation. Solution of the matrix equation is carried out byway of Thomas algorithm. The present methods test on both linear and nonlinear problems. The results are documented to compare with some earlier studies by use of L∞ and relative error norm for problems respectively

Numerical Solution of Singularly Perturbed Problems via both Galerkin and Subdomain Galerkin methods

Numerical solutions of singularly perturbed problems(SPP) are given by using variants of finite elements method. Both Galerkin and subdomain Galerkin methods based on quadratic B-spline functions are applied to the SPP over the geometrically graded mesh. Results of some text problems are compared with analytical solutions of the SPP