Relações de interdependências na arbitragem da Ginástica Rítmica

This descriptive research aims to identify and characterize the interferences that the interdependence relationships between referees, coaches, and gymnasts carry out (or not) on the evaluation of rhythmic gymnastics (RG) refereeing. The sample consisted of seven Brazilian referees with national and international brevets, who work or have worked as coaches. Data collection was performed through a semi-structured interview, and the data were analyzed through content analysis. It was possible to identify aspects that influence the judgment of the refereeing of RG choreographies in individual or group competitions. These aspects are associated with concepts from Norbert Elias's theory, expressed through the configuration of RG (coaches, gymnasts, officials, other judges, audience, among others), figural aspects of the RG context such as the judge's habitus, power dynamics, "loopholes" in the Scoring Code, and interdependence relationships among judges.It is concluded that changes are necessary in the way RG is evaluated, and the training of these professionals needs to be reconsidered.Esta pesquisa, de caráter descritivo, possui como objetivo identificar e caracterizar interferências que as relações de interdependência entre árbitras, técnicas e ginastas exercem (ou não) na avaliação da arbitragem de ginástica rítmica (GR). Participaram do estudo sete árbitras brasileiros com brevet nacional e internacional, que atuam ou já atuaram como treinadoras. A coleta foi realizada por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada, e os dados foram tratados por meio de análise de conteúdo. Foi possível identificar elementos que interferem no julgamento da arbitragem de coreografias de GR em competições individuais ou de conjunto. Esses elementos se associam com conceitos da teoria de Norbert Elias, expressos a partir da configuração da GR (treinadoras, ginastas, dirigentes, outras árbitras, público, entre outros), dos aspectos figuracionais do contexto em que a GR se insere como o habitus da árbitra, do poder, das “brechas” do Código de Pontuação, e dos relacionamentos de interdependência entre árbitras. Conclui-se que mudanças são necessárias na forma de avaliação da GR, assim como a formação desses profissionais precisa ser repensada

A influência do programa bolsa-atleta na trajetória profissional e pessoal de atletas de ginástica rítmica

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar quais são as contribuições do programa Bolsa-Atleta na carreira esportiva e pessoal de ginastas de ginástica rítmica em nível internacional. O estudo se caracteriza como um estudo de caso de caráter descritivo e abordagem qualitativa, tendo como participantes quatro atletas de ginástica rítmica do estado do Paraná. Como instrumento de coleta utilizou-se um questionário com perguntas abertas; para análise dos dados foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Como resultados da pesquisa foram possíveis elencar três categorias de respostas: Profissional, Pessoal e Participação na Seleção Brasileira. São inúmeros os fatores importantes durante todo o processo construção de uma carreira esportiva de alto rendimento, sendo o incentivo financeiro um dos principais. Tendo em vista a dedicação exclusiva para treinamentos, a necessidade de materiais adequados, bem como cuidados com aspectos para além da prática, é fundamental um suporte em todos os sentidos para o atleta

Population-based study in a rural area: methodology and challenges

OBJETIVO: Descrever o planejamento, a amostragem, os aspectos operacionais do campo e a amostra obtida durante pesquisa realizada na zona rural, especificando e discutindo as principais dificuldades logísticas peculiares a esses locais e as soluções adotadas. MÉTODOS: Entre janeiro e junho de 2016, foi realizado inquérito transversal de base populacional, com amostra representativa da população com 18 anos de idade ou mais residente na zona rural de Pelotas (cerca de 22 mil), RS, Brasil. Foram coletadas informações demográficas, socioeconômicas e relacionadas à saúde, como consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, consumo de cigarros, sintomas depressivos, qualidade da alimentação, qualidade de vida, atividade física, satisfação com a unidade de saúde, excesso de peso ou obesidade e problemas do sono. RESULTADOS: Em 720 domicílios amostrados, 1.697 indivíduos foram identificados e 1.519 foram entrevistados (89,5%). O estudo, inicialmente, sorteou 24 setores e propôs-se a visitar 42 domicílios/setor, mas foram necessárias adequações metodológicas, especialmente a redução do número de domicílios por setor (de 42 para 30) e a identificação de núcleos habitacionais nos setores. As principais razões para as adequações foram dificuldade de acesso aos locais, grandes distâncias entre residências, equívocos nos dados geográficos disponíveis via satélite (não condiziam com a realidade) e alto custo. CONCLUSÕES: O prévio reconhecimento detalhado do ambiente de pesquisa foi fundamental para a tomada de decisão perante às inconsistências geográficas entre mapas e território. As estratégias e técnicas dos estudos na zona urbana não são aplicáveis à zona rural no que tange ao contexto observado em Pelotas. As medidas adotadas, mantendo o rigor metodológico, foram fundamentais para garantir a execução do estudo no tempo planejado e com os recursos financeiros disponíveis.OBJECTIVE: To describe the planning, sampling, operational aspects of the field, and the sample obtained during a research conducted in a rural area, specifying and discussing the main logistical difficulties unique to these places and the solutions adopted. METHODS: We carried out a population-based, cross-sectional survey between January and June 2016, with a representative sample of the population aged 18 years or over living in the rural area of Pelotas (approximately 22,000 individuals), State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We collected demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related information, such as alcohol consumption, cigarette consumption, depressive symptoms, quality of diet, quality of life, physical activity, satisfaction with the health unit, overweight or obesity, and sleep problems. RESULTS: In the 720 domiciles sampled, 1,697 individuals were identified and 1,519 were interviewed (89.5%). The study initially drew 24 census tracts and proposed the visit to 42 households per tract; however, we need to adjust the method, such as decreasing the number of households per census tract (from 42 to 30) and identifying housing centers in each tract. The main reasons for these changes were difficulty accessing the area, large distances between households, misconceptions in the satellite data available (which did not fit the reality), and high cost of the field work. CONCLUSIONS: The previous detailed recognition of the research environment was crucial for decision making as the maps and territory had geographical inconsistencies. The strategies and techniques used in studies for the urban area are not applicable to the rural area given the outcomes observed in Pelotas. The decisions taken, keeping the methodological rigor, were essential to ensure the timely execution of the study with the financial resources available

Lifelong robbery victimisation and mental disorders at age 18 years: Brazilian population-based study

Purpose: Urban violence is a major problem in Brazil and may contribute to mental disorders among victims. The aim of this study was to assess the association between robbery victimisation and mental health disorders in late adolescence. Methods: At age 18 years, 4106 participants in the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study were assessed. A questionnaire about history of robbery victimisation was administered, the Self-Report Questionnaire was used to screen for common mental disorders, and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to assess major depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Cross-sectional prevalence ratios between lifetime robbery victimisation and mental disorders were estimated using Poisson regression with robust standard errors, adjusting for socioeconomic variables measured at birth and violence in the home and maltreatment measured at age 15. Results: There was a dose–response relationship between frequency of lifetime robberies and risk of mental disorders. Adolescents who had been robbed three or more times had twice the risk (PR 2.04; 95% CI 1.64–2.56) for common mental disorders, over four times the risk for depression (PR 4.59; 95% CI 2.60–8.12), and twice the risk for anxiety (PR 1.93; 95% CI 1.06–3.50), compared with non-victims, adjusting for covariates. Experiencing frequent robberies had greater impact on common mental disorders than experiencing an armed robbery. Population attributable fractions with regard to robbery were 9% for common mental disorders, 13% for depression, and 8% for anxiety. Conclusions: Robberies are associated with common mental disorders in late adolescence, independently of violence between family members. Reducing urban violence could significantly help in preventing common mental illnesses

Genetics of Pituitary Tumours.

Pituitary tumours are relatively common in the general population. Most often they occur sporadically, with somatic mutations accounting for a significant minority of somatotroph and corticotroph adenomas. Pituitary tumours can also develop secondary to germline mutations as part of a complex syndrome or as familial isolated pituitary adenomas. Tumours occurring in a familial setting may present at a younger age and can behave more aggressively with resistance to treatment. This chapter will focus on the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of pituitary tumours

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved