5 research outputs found

    Efeitos ecotoxicológicos de um nanomaterial manufaturado “inteligente” em peixe-zebra

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    Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) are anionic nanoclays, composed of positively-charged layers with divalent or trivalent metal cations (e.g., Zn2+ or Al3+) and stabilized by anions (e.g., nitrates) and water molecules in the interlayers. LDHs have remarkable properties namely excellent anion exchangeability, memory effect, biocompatibility, pH sensitivity, high surface to volume ratio, and high adsorbing capacity. LDHs have been regarded as “smart” engineered nanomaterials and lately received great interest in multiple areas, such as medicine, pharmaceutical, industry, among others. These nanomaterials are of low toxicity to humans, mammals, and marine organisms. However, ecotoxicological effects on freshwater organisms are scarcely studied, which is critical for regulatory purposes. The zebrafish Danio rerio is a wellestablished freshwater model organism that is widely used in toxicological and ecotoxicological assessment of innumerous contaminants. Several studies are using the zebrafish to evaluate the toxicity of nanomaterials, mainly metallic nanoparticles. The present study aimed to assess the ecotoxicological effects of Zn-Al LDH in Danio rerio. Danio rerio eggs were exposed to Zn-Al LDHs to assess developmental, behavioural, biochemical, and molecular (at the DNA level) changes. For the evaluation of embryotoxicity, the eggs were exposed to Zn-Al LDH (85 - 1200 mg/L) according to the OECD 236 protocol, where mortality, malformations, and hatching success were recorded daily for 96 hours. In the behavioural test, the embryos were exposed to sublethal concentrations of Zn-Al LDH (9 - 94 mg/L) for 120 h. The evaluation of genotoxicity (comet assay) and biomarkers of neurotoxicity and oxidative stress after a 96 h exposure of eggs to nanomaterial (9 - 94 mg/L). The behaviour and fate of LDHs in the water of the zebrafish system were characterized through the zeta potential and hydrodynamic particle size.Os hidróxidos duplos lamelares (LDH) são nanoargilas aniónicas, compostas por camadas carregadas positivamente com catiões metálicos divalentes ou trivalentes (por exemplo, Zn2+ ou Al3+) e estabilizados por aniões (por exemplo, nitratos) e moléculas de água entre camadas. Estes nanomateriais têm propriedades notáveis, nomeadamente excelente permutabilidade aniónica, efeito de memória, biocompatibilidade, capacidade de resposta a alterações do pH, elevada relação superfície/volume e elevada capacidade de adsorção. Os LDH têm sido considerados nanomateriais manufaturados “inteligentes” e têm recebido um forte interesse em áreas como a medicina, farmacêutica, indústria, entre outras. Estes nanomateriais causam baixa toxicidade em humanos, mamíferos e organismos marinhos. No entanto, os efeitos ecotoxicológicos em organismos de água doce são pouco estudados, lacuna esta que é crítica para fins regulatórios. O peixe-zebra Danio rerio é um organismo-modelo de água doce amplamente utilizado na avaliação (eco)toxicológica de inúmeros contaminantes. Existem vários estudos que utilizam o peixe-zebra para avaliar a toxicidade de nanomateriais, principalmente nanopartículas metálicas. O presente estudo visa assim avaliar os efeitos ecotoxicológicos do nanomaterial LDH Zn-Al fases larvares da espécie Danio rerio. Para o efeito, ovos de Danio rerio foram expostos a LDH Zn-Al para avaliar a embriotoxicidade e alterações de desenvolvimento, comportamentais, bioquímicas e moleculares (ao nível do DNA). Para a avaliação da embriotoxicidade, os ovos foram expostos a LDH Zn-Al (85 – 1200 mg/L) de acordo com o protocolo OCDE 236, onde a mortalidade, malformações e sucesso de eclosão foram registados diariamente durante 96 h. No ensaio comportamental, os embriões foram expostos a concentrações subletais de LDH Zn-Al (9 – 94 mg/L) durante 120 h. A avaliação da genotoxicidade (ensaio do cometa) e de biomarcadores de neurotoxicidade e de stress oxidativo foi realizada após uma exposição de 96 h dos ovos ao nanomaterial (9 – 94 mg/L). O comportamento e destino dos LDH na água do sistema do peixe-zebra foram avaliados através do potencial zeta e tamanho hidrodinâmico das partículas. No geral, as dispersões de LDH têm tendência para agregação e reduzida estabilidade no meio de exposição. No teste de embriotoxicidade, a concentração de efeito não observada (CENO) foi de 415.2, 244.3 e 143.7 mg/L para os parâmetros de letalidade, eclosão e malformações, respetivamente. Em termos comportamentais, a exposição aos LDH causou diferenças significativas na duração total da locomoção (CEO= 9 mg/L). A exposição aos nanomateriais não causou genotoxicidade, nem diferenças significativas nos parâmetros bioquímicos testados (p > 0.05). Em conclusão, os resultados atuais sugerem que o Zn-Al LDH é pouco tóxico para embriões e larvas de peixe-zebra. Os efeitos observados parecem indicar um modo de atuação iminentemente físico/mecânico, compatível com a tendência para sedimentação em concentrações muito elevadas e pouco realistas (na ordem das dezenas de mg/L).Mestrado em Eco-toxicologia e Análise de Risc

    Abstracts from the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Meeting 2016

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    Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

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    As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

    Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

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    In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

    SLAVERY: ANNUAL BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SUPPLEMENT (2005)

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