Community composition, migration and trophic positions of micronekton in two biogeochemical provinces of the South West Indian Ocean

Inlcudes bibliographical referencesMicronekton fauna was investigated as part of a multi-disciplinary research project carried out in two different bioregions of the South West Indian Ocean: the East African Coastal Province (EAFR) and the Indian South Subtropical Gyre (ISSG). Food web structure was addressed using stable isotopes. Since particulate organic matter had high δ 15 N values in the ISSG province, copepods were chosen as baseline in trophic level estimations. Feeding regime and size were shown to influence the trophic position of micronekon. In the ISSG, carnivores (fishes and squids) and omnivores (crustaceans) had higher δ 15 N values and trophic positions than filter feeder s (gelatinous organisms such as salps and pyrosomes) and detritivores (leptocephali larvae). Fishes and squids encompassed a wide range of overlapping isotopic niches suggesting that organisms across different trophic levels feed on the same resources. Estimated trophic levels ranged from 1.67 to 4.73, showing that micronekton in the ISSG can be tertiary consumers. An average enrichment value of 6.7 ‰ was recorded between the sampled micronekton specimens and swordfish Xiphias gladius in the ISSG. Trawls, being selective in nature, were shown to sa mple smaller - sized micronekton with a lower trophic position than the micronekton being eaten by swordfish. In the EAFR, mean δ 15 N values of micronekton were higher than in the ISSG, exhibiting slightly higher trophic levels. Mesoscale dynamics in the EAFR provide mechanisms that enrich surface layers in nutrients and chlorophyll - a, therefore contributing to a higher abundance and micronekton species richness. In the ISSG, the large - scale wind - driven anticyclonic gyre pushes the nitracline, thermocline and deep chlorophyll maximum deeper in the water column , influencing the diel migration patterns of micronekton , with a significant proportion of micronekton staying in deep layers or slightly above the thermocline at dusk . Regardless of the differences in the ISSG and EAFR in δ 15 N values and trophic positions of micronekton, larger - sized swordfish sampled from these two provinces had similar mean δ 15 N values since swordfish are highly migratory and forage in different p arts of the Indian Ocean. However, smaller - sized swordfish specimens had lower mean δ 15 N values. With a combination of trawl surveys, stable isotope estimates, stomach content and acoustic analyses, this study shed new light on trophic interactions in the oligotrophic ISSG province

Patterns among micronekton communities in relation to environmental conditions at two shallow seamounts in the south-western Indian Ocean

Seamounts are ubiquitous topographic features across all ocean basins. They rise steeply through the water column from abyssal depths. Depending on their size, shape and summit depths, seamounts reportedly have an influence on the physical flow regimes which may promote the aggregation of zooplankton, micronekton, and top predators above or in the immediate vicinity of their summits. Micronekton form a key trophic link between zooplankton and top marine predators, and are divided into the broad categories: crustaceans, cephalopods and mesopelagic fishes. The vertical and horizontal distributions, assemblages and trophic relationships of micronekton were investigated at two shallow seamounts of the south-western Indian Ocean. La Pérouse is a steep bathymetric feature rising from a deep seabed located at 5000 m and with a summit depth at ~60 m below the sea level. This seamount is located at the north-western periphery of the oligotrophic Indian South Subtropical Gyre province. A seamount to the south of Madagascar, named “MAD-Ridge” in this study, has a summit depth at ~240 m below the sea level and rises from a base at ~1600 m. MAD-Ridge is located within an “eddy corridor” within the productive East African Coastal Province. The micronekton acoustic densities were greater at MAD-Ridge relative to La Pérouse, in accordance with the difference in productivity between the two sites. Physical processes within the cyclonic mesoscale eddy sampled during the MAD-Ridge cruise led to enhanced micronekton acoustic densities in the eddy relative to the MAD-Ridge seamount. While the shallow scattering layer (0-200 m) consisted of common oceanic micronekton species, the summits and flanks of La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge both showed presence of resident or seamount-associated fish species during day and night. Micronekton were also shown to exhibit a range of migration strategies such as diel vertical migration, mid-water migration and no diel migration. However, despite the differing productivity between both pinnacles, crustaceans, smaller-sized squids and mesopelagic fishes exhibited trophic levels ranging from 3 to 4 at both seamounts. This thesis highlights important knowledge gaps on seamount ecosystems and ecological patterns associated to shallow pinnacles. It also underlines the importance of studying seamount ecosystems of the south-western Indian Ocean in order to promote management and conservation measures for a sustainable use of such specific environments

Impact of the citizen science project COLLECT on ocean literacy and well-being within a north/west African and south-east Asian context

Plastic pollution is both a societal and environmental problem and citizen science has shown to be a useful tool to engage both the public and professionals in addressing it. However, knowledge on the educational and behavioral impacts of citizen science projects focusing on marine litter remains limited. Our preregistered study investigates the impact of the citizen science project Citizen Observation of Local Litter in coastal ECosysTems (COLLECT) on the participants' ocean literacy, pro-environmental intentions and attitudes, well-being, and nature connectedness, using a pretest-posttest design. A total of 410 secondary school students from seven countries, in Africa (Benin, Cabo Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Morocco, Nigeria) and Asia (Malaysia) were trained to sample plastics on sandy beaches and to analyze their collection in the classroom. Non-parametric statistical tests (n = 239 matched participants) demonstrate that the COLLECT project positively impacted ocean literacy (i.e., awareness and knowledge of marine litter, self-reported litter-reducing behaviors, attitudes towards beach litter removal). The COLLECT project also led to higher pro-environmental behavioral intentions for students in Benin and Ghana (implying a positive spillover effect) and higher well-being and nature connectedness for students in Benin. Results are interpreted in consideration of a high baseline in awareness and attitudes towards marine litter, a low internal consistency of pro-environmental attitudes, the cultural context of the participating countries, and the unique settings of the project's implementation. Our study highlights the benefits and challenges of understanding how citizen science impacts the perceptions and behaviors towards marine litter in youth from the respective regions.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Trophic structure of neuston across tropical and subtropical oceanic provinces assessed with stable isotopes.

This research was supported by project Malaspina-2010 (CSD2008-00077) funded by program CONSOLIDERINGENIO 2010 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain), by grant IN607A 2018/2 of the Axencia Galega de Innovación (GAIN, Xunta de Galicia, Spain). Thanks are also due to FCT/MCTES for the financial support to CESAM (UIDP/5 0017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020), through national funds. RA was supported by a Ph.D. fellowship funded by FCT (PD/ BD/113483/2015).The marine neuston, organisms living in the vicinity of the ocean surface, is one of the least studied zooplankton groups. Neuston occupies a restricted ecological niche and is affected by a wide range of endo- and exogenous processes, while also being a food source to zooplankton, fish migrating from the deep layers and seabirds. In this study, the neustonic communities were characterized along the Malaspina global expedition sampling tropical and subtropical oceanic provinces using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes to explore their trophic structure and relationships with environmental variables. The differences in stable isotopes mirrored the patterns in environmental characteristics of each province. High δ13C values were associated with continental and atmospheric carbon inputs, while the presence of dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids and upwelling influence are related to low δ13C values. Similarly, provinces presenting high δ15N values were associated with denitrification and nitrate diffusive fluxes, whereas the presence of low δ15N is attributable to nitrogen supplied through N2 fixation by diazotrophs. Neuston showed a large overlap among the isotopic niches of four functional groups, with chaetognaths and detritivore generally exhibiting a smaller degree of overlap compared to carnivores and omnivores. These results support the hypothesis of a common trophic structure in the neuston community across the ocean. However, the size of the niche, small in coastal areas and those influenced by upwelling and large in oligotrophic regions, and their overlap, low in more productive provinces and high in oligotrophic provinces, may be associated with food availability. Small trophic niches are associated with a dominance of specialized over-opportunistic feeding in productive environments.This research was supported by project Malaspina-2010 (CSD2008-00077) funded by program CONSOLIDERINGENIO 2010 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain), by grant IN607A 2018/2 of the Axencia Galega de Innovación (GAIN, Xunta de Galicia, Spain). Thanks are also due to FCT/MCTES for the financial support to CESAM (UIDP/5 0017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020), through national funds. RA was supported by a Ph.D. fellowship funded by FCT (PD/ BD/113483/2015).En prens

Patterns among micronekton communities in relation to the environmental conditions at two shalow seamounts in the south-western Indian Ocean

Seamounts are ubiquitous topographic features across all ocean basins. They rise steeply through the water column from abyssal depths. Depending on their size, shape and summit depths, seamounts reportedly have an impact on the physical flow regimes which may promote the aggregation of zooplankton, micronekton, and top predators above or in the immediate vicinity of their summits. Micronekton form a key trophic link between zooplankton and top marine predators and are divided into four broad categories: gelatinous plankton, crustaceans, cephalopods and mesopelagic fishes. The vertical and horizontal distributions, assemblages and trophic relationships of micronekton were investigated at two shallow seamounts of the south-western Indian Ocean. La Pérouse seamount is a steep bathymetric feature rising from a deep seabed located at 5000 m and with a summit depth at ~ 60 m below the sea surface. The seamount is located at the north-western periphery of the oligotrophic Indian South Subtropical Gyre province. MAD-Ridge seamount (“thus called in this study”), is ~ 240 m below the sea surface rising from a base located at ~2400 m. The seamount is located within an “eddy corridor” to the south of Madagascar within the productive East African Coastal Province. Chapter 4 investigates the influence of mesoscale eddies, Madagascar shelf and shallow seamounts on the distribution of micronekton using an acoustic approach. It is demonstrated that mesoscale eddies and the continental shelf may show enhanced acoustic densities of micronekton compared to MAD-Ridge seamount. The micronekton acoustic densities were also greater at MAD-Ridge compared to La Pérouse, in accordance with the difference in productivity between the two sites. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the micronekton assemblages and diel migration patterns of micronekton communities. It is shown that, while the shallow scattering layer (0-200 m) consisted of oceanic micronekton species; the summits and flanks of La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge showed presence of resident or seamount-associated species both during the day and night. I also discussed the different migration strategies of micronekton. Chapter 6 investigates the stable isotope patterns of mesopelagic communities at La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge. Despite the differing productivity at La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge, gelatinous organisms, crustaceans, smaller-sized squids and mesopelagic fishes exhibited trophic levels ranging from 2 to 4 at both seamounts. This thesis highlights important knowledge gaps on seamount ecosystems and ecological patterns associated to shallow seamounts. It also underlines the importance of studying seamount ecosystems of the south-western Indian Ocean in order to promote management and conservation measures for a sustainable use of such specific environments.Les monts sous-marins sont des relevés topographiques omniprésents au sein de tous les bassins océaniques. Ils s’élèvent dans la colonne d’eau à partir des profondeurs abyssales. Selon leur taille, leur forme et la profondeur de leur sommet, les monts sous-marins auraient un impact sur les processus physiques susceptibles de favoriser l'agrégation du zooplancton, du micronecton et des prédateurs supérieurs au-dessus ou à proximité immédiate de leur sommet. Le micronecton forme un lien trophique clé entre le zooplancton et les prédateurs marins supérieurs et se compose de quatre grands groupes: plancton gélatineux, crustacés, céphalopodes et poissons mésopélagiques. La distribution verticale et horizontale, les assemblages et les relations trophiques du micronecton ont été étudiés sur deux monts sous-marins peu profonds du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien. Le mont sous-marin La Pérouse est un relevé topographique abrupt qui s'élève à partir d'un fond marin profond situé à 5000 m et dont la profondeur du sommet est d'environ 60 m sous la surface de la mer. Ce mont est situé au nord-ouest de la province oligotrophe "ISSG". Le mont sous-marin MAD-Ridge ("ainsi appelé dans cette étude"), est situé dans un "corridor de tourbillons" au sud de Madagascar dans la province "EAFR". Le Chapitre 4 examine l'influence des tourbillons méso-échelle, du plateau continental de Madagascar et des monts sous-marins peu profonds sur la distribution du micronecton en utilisant une approche acoustique. Il est démontré que les tourbillons méso-échelle et le plateau continental Malgache peuvent présenter des densités acoustiques de micronecton supérieures à celles du mont sous-marin MAD-Ridge. Les densités acoustiques du micronecton sont également plus élevées à MAD-Ridge qu’à La Pérouse, conformément aux différences de productivité existant entre les deux sites. Le Chapitre 5 est consacré aux assemblages de micronecton et aux schémas de migrations nycthémérales des communautés de micronecton. Il est démontré que la couche de diffusion peu profonde (0-200 m) est constituée d'espèces micronectoniques océaniques alors que les sommets et les flancs de La Pérouse et de MAD-Ridge présentent des espèces résidentes ou associées à ces monts sous-marins de jour comme de nuit. Les différentes stratégies de migration du micronecton sont également discutées. Le Chapitre 6 porte sur les interactions trophiques des communautés mésopélagiques de La Pérouse et de MAD-Ridge. Malgré les différences de productivité entre La Pérouse et MAD-Ridge, les organismes gélatineux, les crustacés, les céphalopodes de petite taille et les poissons mésopélagiques montrent des niveaux trophiques allant 2 à 4 aux deux monts sous-marins. Cette thèse met l’accent sur les importantes lacunes dans les connaissances et elle souligne également l'importance des études sur les écosystèmes des monts sous-marins du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien afin de promouvoir des mesures de gestion et de conservation pour une utilisation durable de ces environnements si particuliers

Structures des communautés micronectoniques en relation avec les conditions environnementales à deux monts sous-marins peu profonds du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien

Les monts sous-marins sont des relevés topographiques omniprésents au sein de tous les bassins océaniques. Ils s’élèvent dans la colonne d’eau à partir des profondeurs abyssales. Selon leur taille, leur forme et la profondeur de leur sommet, les monts sous-marins auraient un impact sur les processus physiques susceptibles de favoriser l'agrégation du zooplancton, du micronecton et des prédateurs supérieurs au-dessus ou à proximité immédiate de leur sommet. Le micronecton forme un lien trophique clé entre le zooplancton et les prédateurs marins supérieurs et se compose de quatre grands groupes: plancton gélatineux, crustacés, céphalopodes et poissons mésopélagiques. La distribution verticale et horizontale, les assemblages et les relations trophiques du micronecton ont été étudiés sur deux monts sous-marins peu profonds du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien. Le mont sous-marin La Pérouse est un relevé topographique abrupt qui s'élève à partir d'un fond marin profond situé à 5000 m et dont la profondeur du sommet est d'environ 60 m sous la surface de la mer. Ce mont est situé au nord-ouest de la province oligotrophe "ISSG". Le mont sous-marin MAD-Ridge ("ainsi appelé dans cette étude"), est situé dans un "corridor de tourbillons" au sud de Madagascar dans la province "EAFR". Le Chapitre 4 examine l'influence des tourbillons méso-échelle, du plateau continental de Madagascar et des monts sous-marins peu profonds sur la distribution du micronecton en utilisant une approche acoustique. Il est démontré que les tourbillons méso-échelle et le plateau continental Malgache peuvent présenter des densités acoustiques de micronecton supérieures à celles du mont sous-marin MAD-Ridge. Les densités acoustiques du micronecton sont également plus élevées à MAD-Ridge qu’à La Pérouse, conformément aux différences de productivité existant entre les deux sites. Le Chapitre 5 est consacré aux assemblages de micronecton et aux schémas de migrations nycthémérales des communautés de micronecton. Il est démontré que la couche de diffusion peu profonde (0-200 m) est constituée d'espèces micronectoniques océaniques alors que les sommets et les flancs de La Pérouse et de MAD-Ridge présentent des espèces résidentes ou associées à ces monts sous-marins de jour comme de nuit. Les différentes stratégies de migration du micronecton sont également discutées. Le Chapitre 6 porte sur les interactions trophiques des communautés mésopélagiques de La Pérouse et de MAD-Ridge. Malgré les différences de productivité entre La Pérouse et MAD-Ridge, les organismes gélatineux, les crustacés, les céphalopodes de petite taille et les poissons mésopélagiques montrent des niveaux trophiques allant 2 à 4 aux deux monts sous-marins. Cette thèse met l’accent sur les importantes lacunes dans les connaissances et elle souligne également l'importance des études sur les écosystèmes des monts sous-marins du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien afin de promouvoir des mesures de gestion et de conservation pour une utilisation durable de ces environnements si particuliers.Seamounts are ubiquitous topographic features across all ocean basins. They rise steeply through the water column from abyssal depths. Depending on their size, shape and summit depths, seamounts reportedly have an impact on the physical flow regimes which may promote the aggregation of zooplankton, micronekton, and top predators above or in the immediate vicinity of their summits. Micronekton form a key trophic link between zooplankton and top marine predators and are divided into four broad categories: gelatinous plankton, crustaceans, cephalopods and mesopelagic fishes. The vertical and horizontal distributions, assemblages and trophic relationships of micronekton were investigated at two shallow seamounts of the south-western Indian Ocean. La Pérouse seamount is a steep bathymetric feature rising from a deep seabed located at 5000 m and with a summit depth at ~ 60 m below the sea surface. The seamount is located at the north-western periphery of the oligotrophic Indian South Subtropical Gyre province. MAD-Ridge seamount (“thus called in this study”), is ~ 240 m below the sea surface rising from a base located at ~2400 m. The seamount is located within an “eddy corridor” to the south of Madagascar within the productive East African Coastal Province. Chapter 4 investigates the influence of mesoscale eddies, Madagascar shelf and shallow seamounts on the distribution of micronekton using an acoustic approach. It is demonstrated that mesoscale eddies and the continental shelf may show enhanced acoustic densities of micronekton compared to MAD-Ridge seamount. The micronekton acoustic densities were also greater at MAD-Ridge compared to La Pérouse, in accordance with the difference in productivity between the two sites. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the micronekton assemblages and diel migration patterns of micronekton communities. It is shown that, while the shallow scattering layer (0-200 m) consisted of oceanic micronekton species; the summits and flanks of La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge showed presence of resident or seamount-associated species both during the day and night. I also discussed the different migration strategies of micronekton. Chapter 6 investigates the stable isotope patterns of mesopelagic communities at La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge. Despite the differing productivity at La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge, gelatinous organisms, crustaceans, smaller-sized squids and mesopelagic fishes exhibited trophic levels ranging from 2 to 4 at both seamounts. This thesis highlights important knowledge gaps on seamount ecosystems and ecological patterns associated to shallow seamounts. It also underlines the importance of studying seamount ecosystems of the south-western Indian Ocean in order to promote management and conservation measures for a sustainable use of such specific environments

Mercury concentrations and stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) in pelagic nekton assemblages of the south-western Indian Ocean

Mercury (Hg) concentrations and stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) were investigated in micronekton collected from La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge seamounts, Reunion Island and the southern Mozambique Channel. Organisms occupying epipelagic habitats showed lower Hg concentrations relative to deeper dwelling benthopelagic ones. Increasing Hg concentrations with increasing body size were recorded in the Mozambique Channel and Reunion Island. Positive relationships were observed between Hg levels and δ15N values in pelagic nekton assemblages collected at MAD-Ridge seamount and the southern Mozambique Channel, suggesting biomagnification of Hg. Concentrations of Hg in organisms across the south-western Indian Ocean were within the same range of values. Total Hg concentrations depend on a range of factors linked to habitat range, body size and trophic position of the individuals. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the patterns of Hg concentrations in pelagic nekton assemblages from the south-western Indian Ocean

Bio-physical coupling around three shallow seamounts in the South Western Indian Ocean, with regional comparisons based on modelling, remote sensing and observational studies

Taxonomic composition, abundance and biological features of micronektonic fish were investigated using pelagic trawls conducted near and over the summits of three seamounts located in the western Indian Ocean (La Perouse, MAD-Ridge and Walters Shoal). Mesopelagic fish from three families accounted for 80% by number of the total catch (5714 specimens, 121 taxa), namely myctophids (59%), gonostomatids (12%) and sternoptychids (9%). Whereas the gonostomatid Sigmops elongatus was the most abundant species around La Perouse seamount, myctophids were the most diverse and dominant group by number in all three studied areas. Most myctophids were high-oceanic species, which included the numerically dominant Benthosema suborbitale, Ceratoscopelus warmingii, Diaphus perspicillatus, Hygophum hygomii, and Lobianchia dofleini. The few remaining myctophids (Diaphus suborbitalis being the most abundant) were pseudoceanic fish, highlighting the association with landmasses. The study adds one myctophid species new to the Indian Ocean (Diaphus bertelseni), and a second record in the literature of the recently described sternoptychid Argyripnus hulleyi

Micronektonic fish species over three seamounts in the southwestern Indian Ocean

International audienceTaxonomic composition, abundance and biological features of micronektonic fish were investigated using pelagic trawls conducted near and over the summits of three seamounts located in the western Indian Ocean (La P�erouse, MAD-Ridge and Walters Shoal). Mesopelagic fish from three families accounted for 80% by number of the total catch (5714 specimens, 121 taxa), namely myctophids (59%), gonostomatids (12%) and sternoptychids (9%). Whereas the gonostomatid Sigmops elongatus was the most abundant species around La P�erouse seamount, myctophids were the most diverse and dominant group by number in all three studied areas. Most myctophids were high-oceanic species, which included the numerically dominant Benthosema suborbitale, Ceratoscopelus warmingii, Diaphus perspicillatus, Hygophum hygomii, and Lobianchia dofleini. The few remaining myctophids (Diaphus suborbitalis being the most abundant) were pseudoceanic fish, highlighting the association with land-masses. The study adds one myctophid species new to the Indian Ocean (Diaphus bertelseni), and a second record in the literature of the recently described sternoptychid Argyripnus hulleyi

Incorporating deep-ocean biodiversity into climate change policy - policy brief

Key Messages: ● Deep-ocean biodiversity underpins climate stability bysequestering carbon and regulating the global carbon cycle.● Human disturbance of deep-ocean biodiversity diminishesthe ocean’s capacity to remove carbon from the atmosphere.● It is essential to incorporate protection of deep-oceanbiodiversity into UNFCCC policy. <br/