489 research outputs found
Teachersâ pedagogical work with childrenâs fundamental motor skills in early childhood education centres
The aim of this exploratory study is to analyse teachersâ pedagogical work in supporting childrenâs learning of fundamental motor skills (FMS) in early childhood education (ECE) centres. The study highlights teachersâ experiences and knowledge regarding their pedagogical work with FMS. The study was conducted in Finland, and the respondents in this qualitative and inductive study consisted of 16 ECE teachers. The empirical data consisted of semi-structured interviews. The data was analysed by content analysis with a conventional approach. The results show, among other things, a variety of different factors affecting pedagogical work with childrenâs FMS. Teachers make conscious pedagogical considerations during guided physical-activity lessons and in everyday life to support childrenâs learning of FMS. The results of the study show teachersâ versatile efforts that have significant consequences for the pedagogical work of supporting childrenâs learning of FMS in ECE centres
Childrenâs fundamental motor skills as a starting point for educational change within the learning environment in early childhood education and care centres
The aim of the study is to analyse educational change around the indoor learning environment in early childhood education and care (ECEC) centres through interactive research. The educational change is focused on developing the environment in order to support childrenâs exercise of fundamental motor skills (FMS) and it is about working with the professional learning of the staff. The study was conducted in Finland and examines which factors are central in educational change concerning the indoor learning environment. Nine ECEC units in five municipalities in the region of Ostrobothnia participated. The empirical data material consists of notes from supervision sessions, observations of children and self-assessment schedules by the staff at the ECEC units. The data was analyzed by the researchers based on a qualitative approach. The research results show that educational change can give the children more opportunities to exercise the fundamental motor skills when the learning environment changes. The results show on four themes â developing knowledge results in changing environments, clarity through goal formulation gives common striving, participation in organization gives responsibility and presence, willingness to change increases awareness â that have significance for more long-term and sustainable change in the everyday work in ECEC centres
Indirect trophic interactions with an invasive species affect phenotypic divergence in a top consumer
While phenotypic responses to direct species interactions are well studied, we know little about the consequences of indirect interactions for phenotypic divergence. In this study we used lakes with and without the zebra mussel to investigate effects of indirect trophic interactions on phenotypic divergence between littoral and pelagic perch. We found a greater phenotypic divergence between littoral and pelagic individuals in lakes with zebra mussels and propose a mussel-mediated increase in pelagic and benthic resource availability as a major factor underlying this divergence. Lakes with zebra mussels contained higher densities of large plankton taxa and large invertebrates. We suggest that this augmented resource availability improved perch foraging opportunities in both the littoral and pelagic zones. Perch in both habitats could hence express a more specialized foraging morphology, leading to an increased divergence of perch forms in lakes with zebra mussels. As perch do not prey on mussels directly, we conclude that the increased divergence results from indirect interactions with the mussels. Our results hence suggest that species at lower food web levels can indirectly affect phenotypic divergence in species at the top of the food chai
Spatial variation in herbicide leaching from a marine clay soil via subsurface drains
BACKGROUND: Subsurface transport via tile drains can significantly contribute to pesticide contamination of surface waters. The spatial variation in subsurface leaching of normally applied herbicides was examined together with phosphorus losses in 24 experimental plots with water sampled flow-proportionally. The study site was a flat, tile-drained area with 60% marine clay in the topsoil in southeast Sweden. The objectives were to quantify the leaching of frequently used herbicides from a tile drained cracking clay soil and to evaluate the variation in leaching within the experimental area and relate this to topsoil management practices (tillagemethod and structure liming). RESULTS: In summer 2009, 0.14, 0.22 and 1.62%, respectively, of simultaneously applied amounts of MCPA, fluroxypyr and clopyralid were leached by heavy rain five days after spraying. In summer 2011, on average 0.70% of applied bentazone was leached by short bursts of intensive rain 12 days after application. Peak flow concentrations for 50% of the treated area for MCPA and 33% for bentazone exceeded the Swedish no-effect guideline values for aquatic ecosystems. Approximately 0.08% of the glyphosate applied was leached in dissolved form in the winters of 2008/2009 and 2010/2011. Based on measurements of glyphosate in particulate form, total glyphosate losseswere twice as high (0.16%) in the second winter. The spatial inter-plot variation was large (72â115%) for all five herbicides studied, despite small variations (25%) in water discharge. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows the importance of local scale soil transport properties for herbicide leaching in cracking clay soils
Toward accurate high-throughput physicochemical profiling using image-based single-particle analysis
Key physicochemical properties determining the developability of a drug include solubility, dissolution rate, lipophilicity and pKa. Not only do these properties affect synthesis and solid form optimization, choice of administration route, processability and formulation strategies; they also greatly influence, directly or indirectly, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity and efficacy of drugs. However, miniaturized methods that would enable small-scale determination of these fundamental properties in an accurate and rapid way, are lacking. Image-based microscopy could provide an opportune method for non-specific, rapid and miniaturized applications.
First, the applicability of image-based microscopy and single-particle analysis in drug dissolution rate measurement was evaluated. This was done by comparing image analysis data with traditional UV spectrophotometric data of individual dissolving drug pellets. It was found that dissolution rates obtained by image analysis and UV spectrophotometry were practically identical.
Next, a single-particle trap flow-through device was developed, wherein it is possible to continuously monitor individual drug particles under constant flow conditions. Based on the promising results of image-based dissolution rate analysis, the possibility of acquiring the intrinsic dissolution rate from individual freely rotating particles, trapped inside the flow through device, was evaluated. It was found that image analysis can be used for rapid real-time determination of intrinsic dissolution rates from continuously changing effective surface areas of dissolving individual micro-particles.
The method was then further extended to determine the equilibrium solubility of drugs. Based on the diffusion layer dissolution rate model, solubility is the rate limiting factor of dissolution and can therefore be determined. While solubility is generally determined from bulk solutions after long incubation times, it was shown that the equilibrium solubility can be rapidly determined from individual pure-substance particles by means of the diffusion layer theory and image analysis.
Finally, the single-particle method was further miniaturized and a second device developed, in order to allow imaging of individual powder crystals. It was shown that dissolution rate and solubility can be acquired from individual nanogram crystals. The single-particle method was further extended to acquire pKa, logP and logD of the studied substances, using aqueous buffers, simulated physiological solutions and organic solvents. Using this method and device, it is possible to acquire a complete pH-solubility profile for an unknown material of unknown composition, with individual measurements of less than 30 seconds.
In summary, these results strongly suggest that image-based analysis of materials could be applied in high-throughput experimentation (HTE) applications. The possibility of acquiring solubility, dissolution rate, lipophilicity and pKa using a single analytical method, could significantly simplify and speed up accurate data acquisition. This in turn, could lead to faster and more informed decision-making and, ultimately, better and more affordable drugs.TÀrkeimpiÀ uusien lÀÀkeaineiden kehityskelpoisuutta kuvaavia fysikaaliskemiallisia ominaisuuksia ovat aineen liukoisuus, liukenemisnopeus, lipofiilisyys sekÀ pKa. NÀmÀ ominaisuudet vaikuttavat lÀÀkekehityksessÀ uuden aineen synteesin ja kiinteÀn muodon optimointiin, annostelureitin valintaan, aineen kÀsiteltÀvyyteen sekÀ formulaatiostrategian valintaan. Laajemmin nÀmÀ ominaisuudet vaikuttavat joko suorasti tai epÀsuorasti lÀÀkeaineen imeytymiseen, jakautumiseen, metaboliaan, eliminaatioon, toksisuuteen ja tehoon. Miniaturisoidut menetelmÀt, jotka mahdollistavat nÀiden kriittisten ominaisuuksien mÀÀrittÀmisen tarkasti ja nopeasti pienessÀ mittaskaalassa, ovat kuitenkin harvinaisia. Kuvantava mikroskopia voisi tarjota otollisen menetelmÀn epÀspesifiseen, nopeaan ja miniaturisoituun analyysiin.
Työn ensimmÀisessÀ osassa tutkittiin kuvantavan mikroskopian ja yksittÀisten hiukkasten analyysin soveltuvuutta lÀÀkeaineiden liukenemiskokeissa. Kuva-analyysin kautta mÀÀritettyjen yksittÀisten liukenevien hiukkasten liukenemisnopeuskÀyriÀ verrattiin perinteisen UV-spektrofotometrisen detektion kautta, samoista hiukkasista mÀÀritettyihin, liukenemiskÀyriin. Tulokset osoittivat, ettÀ kuva-analyysin ja UV spektrofotometrian avulla mÀÀritetyt liukenemisnopeuskÀyrÀt ovat kÀytÀnnössÀ yhdenvertaisia.
Työn ensimmÀisen vaiheen lupaaviin tuloksiin perustuen, työn toisessa vaiheessa tutkittiin kuva-analyysiin perustuvan menetelmÀn kÀyttöÀ aineen ominaisliukenemisnopeuden mÀÀrittÀmisessÀ. TÀmÀn mahdollistamiseksi kehitettiin hiukkasloukku-lÀpivirtauskammio, joka mahdollistaa yksittÀisten paikallaan pyörivien hiukkasten kuvaamisen jatkuvassa nestevirtauksessa. Tulokset osoittivat ettÀ kuva-analyysiin perustuva aineen ominaisliukenemisen nopea mittaaminen, yksittÀisistÀ jatkuvasti pinta-alaltaan muuttuvista mikrohiukkasista, on mahdollista.
TÀmÀn jÀlkeen menetelmÀÀ kehitettiin edelleen aineen tasapainoliukoisuuden mÀÀrittÀmiseen. Diffuusiokerrokseen perustuvan liukenemisnopeusmallin mukaisesti, aineen liukoisuudesta tulee liukenemisnopeutta rajoittava tekijÀ ja liukoisuus on nÀin ollen mÀÀritettÀvissÀ liukenemisnopeudesta. YleensÀ aineen tasapainoliukoisuuden mÀÀrittÀminen tapahtuu nestefaasista pitkien inkubaatioaikojen jÀlkeen. Kolmannen osatyön tulokset osoittivat kuitenkin, ettÀ aineen tasapainoliukoisuus voidaan nopeasti mÀÀrittÀÀ myös yksittÀisistÀ puhdasainehiukkasista kuva-analyysin kautta, diffuusiokerrosmalliin perustuen.
ViimeisessÀ osatyössÀ menetelmÀÀ miniaturisoitiin edelleen ja kehitettiin uusi laite, joka mahdollistaa aineen liukoisuusparametrien mÀÀrittÀmisen alle 30 sekunnissa, yksittÀistÀ jauhehiukkasista. TyössÀ osoitettiin ettÀ yksittÀisistÀ muutamia nanogrammoja painavista jauhehiukkasista on mahdollista kuva-analyysin kautta mÀÀrittÀÀ aineen liukenemisnopeus sekÀ liukoisuus. MenetelmÀÀ laajennettiin myös aineen pKa, logP sekÀ logD arvojen mÀÀrittÀmiseen. TÀmÀn mahdollistamiseksi kÀytettiin vesipohjaisia puskureita, maha-suolikanavan nesteitÀ simuloivia liuoksia sekÀ orgaanisia liuottimia. KehitettyÀ menetelmÀÀ ja laitetta kÀyttÀmÀllÀ on mahdollista mÀÀrittÀÀ pH-liukoisuusprofiili tuntemattomalle puhdasaineelle.
Yhteenvetona, tÀssÀ vÀitöstyössÀ saavutetut tulokset osoittavat vahvasti, ettÀ kuva-analyysiin perustuva aineiden analyysiÀ voidaan soveltaa nopean seulonnan kokeissa. Mahdollisuus mÀÀrittÀÀ aineen liukoisuus, liukenemisnopeus, lipofiilisyys sekÀ pKa, kÀyttÀmÀllÀ yhtÀ ainoata mÀÀrittÀmismenetelmÀÀ, voi merkittÀvÀsti yksinkertaistaa ja nopeuttaa tarkan mittaustiedon saamista. TÀmÀ vuorostaan johtaisi lÀÀkekehityksessÀ nopeutettuun ja varmempaan pÀÀtöksentekoon sekÀ viime kÀdessÀ parempiin ja edullisimpiin lÀÀkevalmisteisiin
Miniaturized single particle dissolution testing
The dissolution rate is one of the most important physicochemical properties of drug substances. Above all, it demonstrates the energetic interaction between solvent and solute molecules, and is therefore a valuable tool for understanding drug substance properties. Dissolution studies are a widely used method in many areas of the pharmaceutical development process, however, only lately has the value of dissolution testing in drug discovery and early development been assessed. The advantages of dissolution testing over other early screening methods, such as kinetic solubility and in silico screening, lies in the possibility of obtaining solid state dependent quantitative data, from small amounts of drug substances. While the general way of studying drug dissolution has been by the multiparticulate bulk approach, studying the constituent single particles of these systems, could give a deeper understanding of the core factors affecting the dissolution rate of drug substances. The aim of the present study was to develop a static and dynamic method, in which it would be possible to analyze the dissolution process of a single pure drug substance particle, by optical microscopy. Both methods produced practically identical dissolution profiles, for image analysis and UV-spectrophotometric data, from the same systems of a single dissolving particle. The dynamic method developed in the present study is the first flow-through technique, in which it is possible to assess the dissolution of a single freely moving drug particle, by continuous physical analysis. The possibility of using physical analysis instead of chemical analysis poses many advantages. These include reduced materials consumption, reduced experiment times, as well as a reduction in the possible sources of error. Most importantly, the advantage of physical analysis lies in the fact that no prior chemical knowledge about the studied substance is needed. This makes physical analysis an optimal technique for studying new chemical entities. The novel flow-through method succeeded in obtaining the dissolution characteristics and 3D particle morphological data, of a single pure drug substance particle, of sub-milligram initial weight. The theoretical detection limit of 1 pg, poses an intriguing opportunity for further development.Liukenemisnopeus on yksi lÀÀkeaineiden tÀrkeimmistÀ fysikaalis-kemiallisista ominaisuuksista. Ennen kaikkea tÀmÀ ominaisuus kuvaa liukenevan aineen ja liuotinmolekylien yhteisvaikutuksia ja on siksi tÀrkeÀ lÀÀkeaineiden kÀyttÀytymisen ymmÀrtÀmisksi. Liukenemisnopeutta tutkitaan laajalti farmaseuttisessa kehityksessÀ, mutta vasta viike aikoina sen merkitys uusien lÀÀkeaineiden varhaisessa kehityksessÀ on havaittu. Liukenemisnopeuden mÀÀrittÀmisen etu muihin aikaisen kehitysvaiheen tutkimusmenetelmiin, kuten kineettisen liukoisuuden tai tietokonemallintamiseen verrattuna pohjautuu siihen, ettÀ liukoisuusnopeuskokeista saadaan kvalitatiivista tietoa lÀÀkeaineiden kiinteÀn olomuodon pohjalta hyvin pienistÀ mÀÀristÀ. TÀhÀn mennessÀ yleinen tapa tutkia aineiden liukenemista on ollut kÀyttÀÀ jauheita lÀhtömateriaalina. YksittÀisten hiukkasten tutkiminen voisi kuitenkin antaa tarkempaa tietoa puhdasaineiden liukenemisnopeuteen vaikuttavista tekijöistÀ. TÀmÀn työn tavoitteena oli kehittÀÀ staattinen ja dynaaminen menetelmÀ, yksittÀisten hiukkasten liukenemisnopeuden tutkimiseen valomikroskopialla. Molemmissa menetelmissÀ, kuva-analyysillÀ ja UV-spektroskopialla saadut liukenemisnopeuskÀyrÀt olivat kÀytÀnnössÀ identtisiÀ. TÀssÀ työssÀ kehitetty dynaaminen menetelmÀ on ensimmÀinen virtauskammiotekniikalla toimiva laite, jolla pystyy tutkimaan yksittÀisen, vapaasti liikkuvan hiukkasen liukenemisnopeuden jatkuvalla kuvantamisella. Kuva-analyysillÀ on monta etua kemialliseen analyysiin verrattuna. Pienempi materiaalinkulutus, kokeiden lyhyemmÀt kestot ja mahdollisten virhelÀhteiden minimoiminen ovat esimerkkejÀ nÀistÀ. TÀrkein etu on kuitenkin se ettÀ tutkittavien aineiden kemiallisia ominaisuuksia ei tarvitse tuntea ennalta. TÀmÀn vuoksi fysikaalinen analyysi olisi erityisen sopiva uusien lÀÀkeaineiden tutkimisessa. TÀssÀ työssÀ kehitettyjÀ menetelmiÀ kÀyttÀen lÀÀkeainehiukkasten kolmiuloitteinen kuvantaminen sekÀ yksittÀisten hiukkasten liukenemisominaisuuksien mÀÀrittÀminen olivat mahdollisia. Kyseisen menetelmÀn teoreettinen haivaitsemisraja 1 pg antaa osviittaa tulevista kehitysmahdollisuuksista
Efterlyses: Goda ögon och litet kapital : Könsroller och könade ideal i kontaktannonser ur Hufvudstadsbladet : En komparativ studie av Ären 1910, 1950 och 1990
Denna pro gradu granskar pÄ vilket sÀtt innehÄllet i kontaktannonser i Hufvudstadsbladet har förÀndrats under Ären 1910, 1950 och 1990. Trots att forskning kring kontaktannonser som textform har bedrivits i omfattande grad sedan 1970-talet, utgör kontaktannonser i Hufvudstadsbladet ett Ànnu relativt outforskat historiskt kÀllmaterial. I finlÀndsk press har kontaktannonser förekommit pÄ bÄde svenska och finska sedan 1900-talets början.
Undersökningen utgĂ„r frĂ„n tre frĂ„gestĂ€llningar: hur mĂ€n och kvinnor beskriver sig sjĂ€lva och sin önskade partner i kontaktannonserna, vilka könsideal som kan skönjas i texterna samt vilka förĂ€ndringar som framtrĂ€der över tid. IdĂ©er om vad som Ă€r âmanligtâ och âkvinnligtâ strukturerar hur mĂ€nniskor uppfattar och bedömer varandras beteende, men Ă€ven hur individen kĂ€nner, tolkar och uttrycker sina egna kĂ€nslor. Detta sker via kontaktannonser dĂ„ de innehĂ„ller förvĂ€ntningar pĂ„ hur mĂ€nniskorelationer och en partner ska vara och se ut.
Eftersom synen pĂ„ könens rĂ€ttigheter och möjligheter samt normer kring âkvinnligtâ, âmanligtâ och parbildning förĂ€ndrats kraftigt i Finland under 1900-talet Ă€r det motiverat att studera kontaktannonser frĂ„n början, mitten och slutet av seklet â tre helt olika skeden i landets historia. KĂ€llmaterialet bestĂ„r av sammanlagt 105 kontaktannonser frĂ„n Ă„ren 1910, 1950 och 1990, varav 61 stycken Ă€r skrivna av mĂ€n, 44 stycken av kvinnor. I studien förekommer bĂ„de kvalitativ och kvantitativ innehĂ„llsanalys. Kontaktannonserna analyseras utifrĂ„n tre faktorer: social status, inre egenskaper samt yttre egenskaper. Strukturen förekommer Ă€ven i Josefin Nilssons magisteruppsats Svenska hjĂ€rtan frĂ„n 2005, som behandlar beskrivningar av mĂ€n och kvinnor i kontaktannonserna ur Dagens Nyheter. UtgĂ„ende frĂ„n de egenskaper som mĂ€n respektive kvinnor sĂ€ger sig söka hos motparten urskiljs en sorts idealman och
-kvinna för varje Ärtal. Denna konstruerade könsroll jÀmförs med historikern Yvonne Hirdmans teori om sÀrhÄllning av könen, det vill sÀga att mÀn och kvinnor alltid ska hÄllas isÀr och inte fÄr ha liknande egenskaper.
Undersökningens resultat vittnar om stora förĂ€ndringar nĂ€r det gĂ€ller normer och ideal i kontaktannonserna under de olika Ă„ren, men Ă€ven om hur praktiska förhĂ„llanden sĂ„ som boende, ekonomi och fritid snarare Ă€n regelrĂ€tt kĂ€rlek dominerat innehĂ„llet. Till exempel har social status under seklet gĂ„tt frĂ„n att uttryckas explicit i annonserna, i form av pengar eller förmögenhet, till att bli nĂ„got som indikeras nĂ€rmast implicit, via intressen eller personlighetsdrag. Ăven annonsörernas syfte har gĂ„tt frĂ„n uttalat till dolt: medan Ă€ktenskap var det vanligast motivet 1910, uttalades syftet 1990 ofta inte alls. Undersökningen visar ocksĂ„ pĂ„ andra Ă€mnen som var tabubelagda i kontaktannonserna under de olika Ă„ren, exempelvis den kvinnliga frigörelsen. Men i resultatet finns Ă€ven teman som överlevt tidens gĂ„ng: exempel pĂ„ det Ă€r ensamhet och efterfrĂ„gan pĂ„ bildning
LÀrmiljöns betydelse för barns utövande och lÀrande av grundlÀggande motoriska fÀrdigheter i smÄbarnspedagogik
Fokus i den hÀr avhandlingen Àr pÄ lÀrmiljöns betydelse för barns möjligheter till utövande och lÀrande av grundlÀggande motoriska fÀrdigheter (GMF) och har riktat blicken mot tre perspektiv. Med utgÄngspunkt i barn-, lÀrmiljö- och lÀrarperspektiv Àr det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling att öka kunskapen om lÀrmiljöns betydelse för barns möjligheter att utöva och lÀra sig GMF inom smÄbarnspedagogiken. Syftet nÄs genom att studera hur lÀrmiljön kan stödja barns utövande och lÀrande av GMF och hur didaktiskt arbete kan förstÄs i relation till barns utövande och lÀrande av GMF.
Studiens teoretiska ramverk vilar pĂ„ en sociokulturell och dynamisk systemteoretisk grund. Kontexten för studien utgörs av smĂ„barnspedagogiken i Ăsterbotten, Finland. Forskningsdata har samlats in frĂ„n olika daghemskontexter: avdelningar med 1â3-Ă„ringar och avdelningar med 3â5-Ă„ringar med respektive personal. De primĂ€ra datainsamlingsmetoderna Ă€r observationer med videoinspelningar, anteckningsmaterial frĂ„n handledningstillfĂ€llen och individuella intervjuer. Kvalitativa data har analyserats utifrĂ„n ett induktivt och abduktivt förhĂ„llningssĂ€tt med kvalitativ analys. Det insamlade data frĂ„n observationer med videoinspelningar har ocksĂ„ kodats till numeriska data och analyserats utifrĂ„nen kvantitativ metod.
Avhandlingen bygger pÄ tre delstudier. Den första delstudien fokuserade pÄ tvÄÄringars spontana utövande av GMF. Studien undersökte vilka GMF tvÄÄringar utövade och frekvensen av dem samt vilka aspekter urskildes och varierades i barnens utövande av GMF. Den första delstudien utgÄr frÄn ett barnperspektiv. Fem barn har under 20 dagar observerats med hjÀlp av videoinspelningar. Transkriptioner av observationerna utgör datamaterialet. Den andra delstudien riktade in sig pÄ att genom interaktiv forskning analysera förÀndringsarbete kring lÀrmiljön inomhus pÄ daghem. FörÀndringsarbetet hade fokus pÄ att lÀrmiljön skulle utvecklas sÄ att den stödjer barns utövande av GMF. Studien undersökte vilka faktorer i förÀndringsarbetet som var centrala för att förÀndra lÀrmiljön inomhus sÄ den stödjer barns utövande av GMF. Den andra delstudien utgÄr frÄn ett lÀrmiljöperspektiv. Nio daghemsavdelningar med respektive personal och barn deltog i förÀndringsarbetet under ettÄrs tid dÀr anteckningsmaterial frÄn handledningstillfÀllena med personalen utgör datamaterialet. Den tredje delstudien hade fokus pÄ lÀrares pedagogiska arbete som stödjer barns utövande och lÀrande av GMF i daghem. Studien synliggör lÀrares erfarenheter och kunskaper kring det pedagogiska arbetet med grundlÀggande motoriska fÀrdigheter. Den tredje delstudien utgÄr frÄn ett lÀrarperspektiv och transkriptioner av 16 individuella intervjuer utgör datamaterialet.
Resultaten frÄn den kvantitativa analysen i första delstudien visade att barnen utövade balansfÀrdigheter vid 56 procent av tillfÀllena, rörelsefÀrdigheter vid 41 procent av tillfÀllena och hanteringsfÀrdigheter vid endast 3 procent av tillfÀllena. Sammanlagt utövade barnen 19 olika balansfÀrdigheter, fem olika rörelsefÀrdigheter och fem olika hanteringsfÀrdigheter. Resultaten av utövandet av de olika GMF visade en stor spridning mellan barnen och antalet tillfÀllen. Resultaten frÄn den kvalitativa analysen med variationsteorin som analysredskap visade pÄ aspekter som barnen kan behöva urskilja och erfara för att lÀra sig GMF. Baserat pÄ resultaten kan skönjas att barn sjÀlva kan skapa mönster av variation och pÄ sÄ sÀtt utveckla och lÀra sig fÀrdigheter. Barn kan, genom att variera sitt utövande i termer av riktning, höjd, underlag och sÄ vidare, skapa förstÄelse och lÀra sig GMF. Resultaten frÄn den andra delstudien visade pÄ att förÀndringar i bland annat personalens förhÄllningssÀtt och organisation kan ge barn flera möjligheter att utöva GMF. Baserat pÄ resultaten handlar det om personalens professionella utveckling och lÀrande för att förÀndra lÀrmiljön inomhus. I analysen av förÀndringsprocessen framtrÀder faktorer som Àr centrala och visar pÄ fyra teman som ses mer betydelsefulla i utbildningsförÀndringen. Resultaten frÄn den tredje delstudien visade att lÀrarna var överens om vikten av att barnen behöver trÀna pÄ GMF. LÀrarna lyfte fram sin egen aktivitet som viktig i barns lÀrande av GMF. Resultaten visade pÄ lÀrarnas mÄngsidiga arbete som kan ha betydande konsekvenser för det pedagogiska arbete som stödjer barns lÀrande av GMF i daghem. PÄ basen av resultaten beskriver lÀrarna i denna delstudie att de bedriver en mÄngsidig och mÄlinriktad pedagogisk verksamhet. Barnen ges möjligheter att utveckla och lÀra sig GMF pÄ olika sÀtt vid olika tillfÀllen under dagen.
Sammanfattningsvis belyser resultaten frĂ„n avhandlingens tre delstudier vikten av att fysisk-, social- och pedagogisk lĂ€rmiljö samspelar för att barnen ska ges möjligheter att utöva och lĂ€ra sig GMF. Avhandlingen presenterar en förstĂ„else av lĂ€rmiljöns betydelse som stöd för barns utövande och lĂ€rande av GMF samt det didaktiska arbete som lĂ€rare bedriver för att stödja barn i deras utövande och lĂ€rande av GMF. Hur lĂ€rmiljön utformas har betydelse för barns möjligheter till utövande och lĂ€rande av GMF. NĂ€r den fysiska, sociala och pedagogiska lĂ€rmiljön samspelar kan lĂ€rmiljön ses som ett didaktiskt verktyg.The aim of this thesis is to increase knowledge on the importance of the learning environment for childrenâs opportunities to exercise and learn fundamental motor skills (FMS) in early childhood education (ECE). The thesis has focused on three perspectives: child, learning environment and teacher. The aim was achieved by studying how the learning environment can support childrenâs exercise and learning of FMS and how didactic work can be understood in relation to childrenâs exercise and learning of FMS.
The theoretical framework of the study is based on a sociocultural and dynamic-systems theoretical foundation. The context for the study is ECE in Ostrobothnia, Finland. Research data was collected from different ECE settings: units with one-to-three-year-olds, units with three-to-five-year-olds and staff. The main data-collection methods comprised observations with video recordings, notes from supervision and individual interviews. Qualitative data was analysed on the basis of an inductive and abductive approach with qualitative analysis. The data collected from observations with video recordings was also coded into numerical data and analysed based on a quantitative method.
The thesis is based on three substudies. The first substudy focused on two-year-oldsâ spontaneous exercise of FMS. The study examined what FMS two-year-olds exercised and the frequency, as well as what aspects could be discerned and varied in the childrenâs exercise of FMS. The first substudy had a child perspective. The second substudy focused on analysing educational change around indoor learning environments in ECE settings through interactive research. The study examined which factors are central in educational change concerning indoor learning environments in order to support childrenâs exercise of FMS. The second substudy was based on a learning-environment perspective. The third substudy focused on teachersâ pedagogical work in supporting childrenâs learning of FMS in ECE. The study highlighted teachersâ experiences and knowledge about the pedagogical work with FMS. The third substudy had a teacher perspective.
The results from the first substudy showed that the children exercised stability skills on 56% of the occasions, locomotor skills on 41% of the occasions and object control skills on only 3% of the occasions. These results demonstrated that children themselves can create patterns of variation and thus develop and learn skills. By varying their exercise in terms of direction, height, surface, etc., children can create understanding and learn FMS. The results from the second substudy showed that changes in, for example, staff attitudes and organization can give children more opportunities to exercise FMS. In the analysis of the change process, factors emerged that are central and point to four themes that are significant in educational change. The results from the third substudy showed that the teachersâ versatile efforts can have significant consequences for the pedagogical work of supporting childrenâs learning of FMS in ECE. On the basis of the results, the teachers in this substudy conducted a versatile and goal-oriented pedagogical activity. Children are given opportunities to develop and learn FMS in different ways at different times during the day.
In summary, the results from the three substudies of the thesis highlight the importance of physical, social and educational learning environments for children to be given opportunities to exercise and learn FMS. The thesis presents an understanding of the importance of the learning environment as support for childrenâs exercise and learning of FMS, as well as the didactic work that teachers conduct to support children in their exercise and learning of FMS. How the learning environment is designed influences childrenâs opportunities to exercise and learn FMS. When the physical, social and educational learning environments interact, the learning environment as a whole can be a didactic tool
Machine-Vision-Enabled Salt Dissolution Analysis
Salt formation is a well-established method to increase the solubility of ionizable drug candidates. However, possible conversion of salt to its original form of free acid or base - disproportionation - can have a drastic effect on the solubility and consequently the bioavailability of a drug. Therefore, during the salt selection process, the salt dissolution behavior should be well understood. Improved understanding could be achieved by a method that enables simultaneous screening of small sample amounts and detailed dissolution process analysis. Here, we use a machine-vision-based single-particle analysis (SPA) method to successfully determine the pH-solubility profile, intrinsic solubility, common-ion effect, pKa, pHmax, and Ksp values of three model compounds in a fast and low sample consumption (<1 mg) manner. Moreover, the SPA method enables, with a particle- scale resolution, in situ observation of the disproportionation process and its immediate effect on the morphology and solubility of dissolving species. In this study, a potentially higher energy thermodynamic solid-state form of diclofenac free acid and an intriguing conversion to liquid verapamil free base were observed upon disproportionation of the respective salts. As such, the SPA method offers a low sample consumption platform for fast yet elaborate characterization of the salt dissolution behavior.Peer reviewe
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