THE VISIBLE TRANSLATOR: IDENTIFYING NORMS IN THE TRANSLATIONS OF EDWARD SAID’S ORIENTALISM

ABSTRACT A sizable number of studies have examined various aspects of translation norms. Yet, these studies mainly focus on the theoretical aspect of norms, while neglecting the complementary aspect. This thesis sets out to study the complementary aspect of norms. It builds upon Toury’s model of norms by providing a methodology to identify norms in Arabic translations. Norms are defined as the general values shared in a society regarding what is right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable. They should be understood as an explanatory tool, not simply as a prescriptive tool. Examining norms as an explanatory tool requires investigating the issue of the agency of the translator. Translators’ agency can direct the translation process and can also be led by norms dominating the culture in which translations are generated. This thesis examines the Arabic translations by Kamal abu Deeb and Mohammed Enani of Edward Said’s Orientalism. The cultural scene in the Arabic world, where the translations were produced, encompasses different ideologies that can be reflected in literary works, including translations. Additionally, in some regions, religion can play a guardian-like role as a point of reference upon which authorities rely to monitor different forms of cultural borrowings. This thesis exposes the influence of the norms driven by ideology and religion on the translations of Orientalism. It does so by applying a textual method, as suggested by Toury, which observes regular translational behaviour. This method relies on the pragmatic notion of implicature and Grice’s maxims of conversation to trace the changes in the meaning between the source and target texts

Study of the Effect of Steam Injection on Crude Oil Displacement Yield from an Oil Contaminated Soil Bed

A substantial oil recovery of different packed soil samples has been obtained by the removal of light and heavy crude oils, with different American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity indexes. Steam and water injection methods are applied to different soil particle size samples (core size) and different types of oil gravity. The amount of oil removed increases with increasing the core size (permeability and porosity). For 0.5 mm core size and light oil (35-API), oil recovery reaches 98 wt% using superheated steam and 96 wt% using saturated steam. For heavy oil (24-API), oil recovery reaches 91 wt% using superheated steam and 90 wt% using saturated steam. For 0.2mm core size and heavy oil (24-API), oil recovery reaches 85% using superheated steam and 74 wt% using saturated steam. These results suggest that oil recovery increases as cell temperature and core size (permeability and porosity) increase, and the addition of surfactants to steam increased oil recovery amounting to around 3 wt%. Water injection resulted in low oil recovery, and the maximum oil recovery is 5 wt%, and 20 wt% using cold and hot water, respectively

The Role of Communication and Information Technology in the Development of University Management at Governmental Jordanian Universities from the Academic Leaders' Point of View

The current study aimed at identifying the role of communication and information technology in the development of governmental university management at Jordanian universities from the academic leaders' perspective. The sample of the study consisted of (180) individuals. The results showed that the role of information technology and communication in the development of university management at governmental Jordanian universities from the academic leaders' point of view was of a high level in all fields and paragraphs concerned. The study also showed that there was no statistically significant differences at the level of (? =0.05)  due to the  variables; job title, college, and years of experience. Keywords: Information Technology, Communications, Development, University Management, the Governmental Jordanian Universities, Academic Leaders

Improvement of Manure Adsorption Capacity for Cobalt Removal by Chemical Treatment with Citric Acid

This paper focuses on how the surface chemical groups of sheep manure affect the adsorption capacity of cobalt ions. Improvement in cobalt ions uptake onto sheep manure was achieved successfully by introducing more carboxylic functional groups into its surface due to citric acid treatment. According to Langmuir model, cobalt ions uptake was increased from 22.88 mg/g for dried sheep manure (D-SM) to 37.45 mg/g when D-SM was treated with 0.6 M citric acid (C-SM). Point of zero charge and cation exchange capacity were determined and found as 4.3 and 82 meq/100g for D-SM while it was found as 3.4 and 281 meq/100g for C-SM, respectively. The effects of process parameters such as solution pH, initial concentration of cobalt ions, contact time and concentration of citric acid on the uptake of cobalt ions were also investigated. Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to the experimental data. Both models fitted quite well with the experimental data

Effect of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation on cardiac fibroblasts: A mechanism underlying RV fibrosis associated with cigarette smoke exposure

INTRODUCTION: Right ventricular dysfunction is associated with numerous smoking-related illnesses including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) where it is present even in absence of pulmonary hypertension. It is unknown if exposure to cigarette smoke has direct effects on RV function and cardiac fibroblast proliferation or collagen synthesis. In this study, we evaluated cardiac function and fibrosis in mice exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) and determined mechanisms of smoke-induced changes in cardiac fibroblast signaling and fibrosis. METHODS: AKR mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for six weeks followed by echocardiography and evaluation of cardiac hypertrophy, collagen content, and pulmonary muscularization. Proliferation and collagen content were evaluated in primary isolated rat cardiac fibroblasts (CF) exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or nicotine. Markers of cell proliferation, fibrosis, and proliferative signaling were determined by immunoblot or Sircol collagen assay. RESULTS: Mice exposed to CS had significantly decreased RV function as determined by TAPSE. There were no changes in LV parameters. RV collagen content was significantly elevated but there was no change in RV hypertrophy or pulmonary vascular muscularization. CSE directly increased cardiac fibroblast proliferation and collagen content in CF. Nicotine alone reproduced these effects. CSE and nicotine-induced fibroblast proliferation and collagen content were mediated through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and were dependent on PKC-α, PKC-δ, and reduced p38-MAPK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION: CS and nicotine have direct effects on cardiac fibroblasts to induce proliferation and fibrosis which may negatively affect right heart function

Evolving biocatalysis to meet bioeconomy challenges and opportunities

4siThe unique selectivity of enzymes, along with their remarkable catalytic activity, constitute powerful tools for transforming renewable feedstock and also for adding value to an array of building blocks and monomers produced by the emerging bio-based chemistry sector. Although some relevant biotransformations run at the ton scale demonstrate the success of biocatalysis in industry, there is still a huge untapped potential of catalytic activities available for targeted valorization of new raw materials, such as waste streams and CO2. For decades, the needs of the pharmaceutical and fine chemistry sectors have driven scientific research in the field of biocatalysis. Nowadays, such consolidated advances have the potential to translate into effective innovation for the benefit of bio-based chemistry. However, the new scenario of bioeconomy requires a stringent integration between scientific advances and economics, and environmental as well as technological constraints. Computational methods and tools for effective big-data analysis are expected to boost the use of enzymes for the transformation of a new array of renewable feedstock and, ultimately, to enlarge the scope of biocatalysis.partially_openopenPellis, Alessandro; Cantone, Sara; Ebert, Cynthia; Gardossi, LuciaPellis, Alessandro; Cantone, Sara; Ebert, Cynthia; Gardossi, Luci

Alveolar Dynamics and Beyond – The Importance of Surfactant Protein C and Cholesterol in Lung Homeostasis and Fibrosis

Surfactant protein C (SP-C) is an important player in enhancing the interfacial adsorption of lung surfactant lipid films to the alveolar air-liquid interface. Doing so, surface tension drops down enough to stabilize alveoli and the lung, reducing the work of breathing. In addition, it has been shown that SP-C counteracts the deleterious effect of high amounts of cholesterol in the surfactant lipid films. On its side, cholesterol is a wellknown modulator of the biophysical properties of biological membranes and it has been proven that it activates the inflammasome pathways in the lung. Even though the molecular mechanism is not known, there are evidences suggesting that these two molecules may interplay with each other in order to keep the proper function of the lung. This review focuses in the role of SP-C and cholesterol in the development of lung fibrosis and the potential pathways in which impairment of both molecules leads to aberrant lung repair, and therefore impaired alveolar dynamics. From molecular to cellular mechanisms to evidences in animal models and human diseases. The evidences revised here highlight a potential SP-C/cholesterol axis as target for the treatment of lung fibrosis

Īlāf Badr al-Dīn: ʿIndama hatafū “li-l-abad”. Lughat al-thawra al-sūriyya (When They Chanted "Forever": The Language of the Syrian Revolution), Damascus: Mamdūḥ ʿAdwān 2018.

Since this is a book review, I don't think an abstract is required.</p