On the Errors in the Delimitation of Maritime Spaces

The Law of the Sea tacitly assumes that the boundaries delimiting maritime and other spaces on the earth surface are known exactly. This is clearly unwarranted: like any position on the surface of the earth, maritime boundaries have positional errors associated with them. Yet the assumption of boundaries being errorless is shared not only amongst the lawyers, but amongst the mariners as well. The usual attitude encountered in maritime practice is: yes, there may be some errors in the boundaries, but these are so small that they are practically irrelevant. In the case of trespassing, the only uncertainty ever taken into consideration is the uncertainty of the trespasser’s position vis-a-vis the boundary in question. In this contribution, we are going to discuss the errors in the boundaries from the technical point of view. We shall try to answer the following questions: 1) How large can the errors in maritime boundaries be and do they matter? 2) Where are these errors coming from? 3) What can be done to eliminate the gross errors and keep the systematic errors to a minimum? 4) What can be done with the random errors

Podrška roditeljstvu i stavovi roditelja o podršci

Suvremen način života, brzina, nepredvidivost i složenost svakodnevnih situacija zahtijevaju od roditelja brzu prilagodbu i uspješno snalaženje u novonastalim situacijama. Da bi odgovorili na te zahtjeve roditelji moraju imati specifična znanja u različitim područjima djelovanja. No, što kad se roditelji ne snađu u odgovoru na određene zahtjeve? Roditelji se često osjećaju samo i izolirano, bez dostatne podrške. Oni imaju pravo na podršku u vidu pouzdanih informacija, savjetovanja, ali i materijalnu i svaku drugu pomoć u brizi o djeci. Ovaj rad sastoji se od dva temeljna dijela, teorijskog i ispitivačkog. U teorijskom dijelu daje se temeljita definicija roditeljstva i podrške roditeljstvu, a sve kroz pregled stručne literature. Za potrebe ovog diplomskog rada provedena je anketa s roditeljima Dječjeg vrtića „Vrapče“ ne bi li se preispitali stavovi roditelja o podršci koju dobivaju, ili ne. Rezultati ispitivanja prezentirani su u drugom dijelu rada te pokazuju kako se roditelji osjećaju sigurno u ulozi roditelja te odgoj za njih ne predstavlja teret. Podrška roditeljima i procjena kvalitete vlastitog roditeljstva nisu ni u kakvoj povezanosti s dobi i obrazovanjem ispitanika. Značajno je, da kod roditelja postoji veliki interes za usvajanjem novih znanja, te činjenica da su roditelji zapravo najmanje zadovoljni podrškom koju dobivaju od poslodavca, ustanova zdravstvene skrbi te susjedstva.The modern way of life, speed, unpredictability and complexity of everyday situations require from parents quick adaptation and successfully coping with new situations. In order to answer this demands parents must have specific knowledge in different fields of action. But, what if parents do not find their way in response to specific requests? Parents often feel isolated and lonely, without sufficient support. Parents have the right for support in the form of reliable information, consulting, and financial and other help in the care of children. This work consists of two basic parts, the theoretical and exploratory. The theoretical part gives a thorough definition of parenting and parenting support, and all through the review of literature. For the purpose of this diploma thesis a survey was conducted with parents of kindergarten “Vrapče“ and all in purpose of examining parent´s attitudes about the support they get, or do not get. Test results are presented in the second part of this thesis and show that parents feel secure in the role of parents and education for them is not a burden. Parents support and assessment of the quality of their own parenthood are not in any connection with the age and education of respondents. It is significant that the parents have a great interest in acquiring new knowledge, and the fact that parents are actually the least satisfied with the support they recieve from the employer, health care institutions and neighborhoods

Podrška roditeljstvu i stavovi roditelja o podršci

Suvremen način života, brzina, nepredvidivost i složenost svakodnevnih situacija zahtijevaju od roditelja brzu prilagodbu i uspješno snalaženje u novonastalim situacijama. Da bi odgovorili na te zahtjeve roditelji moraju imati specifična znanja u različitim područjima djelovanja. No, što kad se roditelji ne snađu u odgovoru na određene zahtjeve? Roditelji se često osjećaju samo i izolirano, bez dostatne podrške. Oni imaju pravo na podršku u vidu pouzdanih informacija, savjetovanja, ali i materijalnu i svaku drugu pomoć u brizi o djeci. Ovaj rad sastoji se od dva temeljna dijela, teorijskog i ispitivačkog. U teorijskom dijelu daje se temeljita definicija roditeljstva i podrške roditeljstvu, a sve kroz pregled stručne literature. Za potrebe ovog diplomskog rada provedena je anketa s roditeljima Dječjeg vrtića „Vrapče“ ne bi li se preispitali stavovi roditelja o podršci koju dobivaju, ili ne. Rezultati ispitivanja prezentirani su u drugom dijelu rada te pokazuju kako se roditelji osjećaju sigurno u ulozi roditelja te odgoj za njih ne predstavlja teret. Podrška roditeljima i procjena kvalitete vlastitog roditeljstva nisu ni u kakvoj povezanosti s dobi i obrazovanjem ispitanika. Značajno je, da kod roditelja postoji veliki interes za usvajanjem novih znanja, te činjenica da su roditelji zapravo najmanje zadovoljni podrškom koju dobivaju od poslodavca, ustanova zdravstvene skrbi te susjedstva.The modern way of life, speed, unpredictability and complexity of everyday situations require from parents quick adaptation and successfully coping with new situations. In order to answer this demands parents must have specific knowledge in different fields of action. But, what if parents do not find their way in response to specific requests? Parents often feel isolated and lonely, without sufficient support. Parents have the right for support in the form of reliable information, consulting, and financial and other help in the care of children. This work consists of two basic parts, the theoretical and exploratory. The theoretical part gives a thorough definition of parenting and parenting support, and all through the review of literature. For the purpose of this diploma thesis a survey was conducted with parents of kindergarten “Vrapče“ and all in purpose of examining parent´s attitudes about the support they get, or do not get. Test results are presented in the second part of this thesis and show that parents feel secure in the role of parents and education for them is not a burden. Parents support and assessment of the quality of their own parenthood are not in any connection with the age and education of respondents. It is significant that the parents have a great interest in acquiring new knowledge, and the fact that parents are actually the least satisfied with the support they recieve from the employer, health care institutions and neighborhoods

Podrška roditeljstvu i stavovi roditelja o podršci

Suvremen način života, brzina, nepredvidivost i složenost svakodnevnih situacija zahtijevaju od roditelja brzu prilagodbu i uspješno snalaženje u novonastalim situacijama. Da bi odgovorili na te zahtjeve roditelji moraju imati specifična znanja u različitim područjima djelovanja. No, što kad se roditelji ne snađu u odgovoru na određene zahtjeve? Roditelji se često osjećaju samo i izolirano, bez dostatne podrške. Oni imaju pravo na podršku u vidu pouzdanih informacija, savjetovanja, ali i materijalnu i svaku drugu pomoć u brizi o djeci. Ovaj rad sastoji se od dva temeljna dijela, teorijskog i ispitivačkog. U teorijskom dijelu daje se temeljita definicija roditeljstva i podrške roditeljstvu, a sve kroz pregled stručne literature. Za potrebe ovog diplomskog rada provedena je anketa s roditeljima Dječjeg vrtića „Vrapče“ ne bi li se preispitali stavovi roditelja o podršci koju dobivaju, ili ne. Rezultati ispitivanja prezentirani su u drugom dijelu rada te pokazuju kako se roditelji osjećaju sigurno u ulozi roditelja te odgoj za njih ne predstavlja teret. Podrška roditeljima i procjena kvalitete vlastitog roditeljstva nisu ni u kakvoj povezanosti s dobi i obrazovanjem ispitanika. Značajno je, da kod roditelja postoji veliki interes za usvajanjem novih znanja, te činjenica da su roditelji zapravo najmanje zadovoljni podrškom koju dobivaju od poslodavca, ustanova zdravstvene skrbi te susjedstva.The modern way of life, speed, unpredictability and complexity of everyday situations require from parents quick adaptation and successfully coping with new situations. In order to answer this demands parents must have specific knowledge in different fields of action. But, what if parents do not find their way in response to specific requests? Parents often feel isolated and lonely, without sufficient support. Parents have the right for support in the form of reliable information, consulting, and financial and other help in the care of children. This work consists of two basic parts, the theoretical and exploratory. The theoretical part gives a thorough definition of parenting and parenting support, and all through the review of literature. For the purpose of this diploma thesis a survey was conducted with parents of kindergarten “Vrapče“ and all in purpose of examining parent´s attitudes about the support they get, or do not get. Test results are presented in the second part of this thesis and show that parents feel secure in the role of parents and education for them is not a burden. Parents support and assessment of the quality of their own parenthood are not in any connection with the age and education of respondents. It is significant that the parents have a great interest in acquiring new knowledge, and the fact that parents are actually the least satisfied with the support they recieve from the employer, health care institutions and neighborhoods

Benthic Foraminiferal Assemblages in a Restricted Environment - An Example from the Mljet Lakes (Adriatic Sea, Croatia)

Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from a peculiar restricted marine environment, the Mljet Lakes (Mljet Island, Adriatic Sea, Croatia) have been studied. These lakes are drowned karst dolines, which are connected with the Adriatic Sea through a narrow, shallow channel. Occasional stagnant conditions in the marine lakes cause hypoxic and anoxic conditions in the bottom waters. Such stressed conditions are reflected in oligospecific benthic foraminiferal assemblages with a Shannon-Wiener species diversity index (H) ranging from 0.8 to 1.0 and equitability index (E) ranging from 0.18 to 0.26, identified in samples from each marine lake. In the more dysoxic Malo Jezero, Haynesina depressula dominates an assemblage of 12 benthic foraminiferal species. In the less (and less frequently) hypoxic Veliko Jezero, we found an Asterigerinata mamilla assemblage with 18 foraminiferal species. A more diverse assemblage containing 55 different benthic foraminiferal species occupies an adjacent open-sea station. Long-term salinity measurements indicate that H. depressula tolerates higher salinity than formerly presumed (up to 38‰), and is well adapted to stressed hypoxic conditions

Displacement Echoes: Classical Decay and Quantum Freeze

Motivated by neutron scattering experiments, we investigate the decay of the fidelity with which a wave packet is reconstructed by a perfect time-reversal operation performed after a phase space displacement. In the semiclassical limit, we show that the decay rate is generically given by the Lyapunov exponent of the classical dynamics. For small displacements, we additionally show that, following a short-time Lyapunov decay, the decay freezes well above the ergodic value because of quantum effects. Our analytical results are corroborated by numerical simulations

All-propulsion design of the drag-free and attitude control of the European satellite GOCE

This paper concerns the drag-free and attitude control (DFAC) of the European Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer satellite (GOCE), during the science phase. GOCE aims to determine the Earth's gravity field with high accuracy and spatial resolution, through complementary space techniques such as gravity gradiometry and precise orbit determination. Both techniques rely on accurate attitude and drag-free control, especially in the gradiometer measurement bandwidth (5-100mHz), where non-gravitational forces must be counteracted down to micronewton, and spacecraft attitude must track the local orbital reference frame with micro-radian accuracy. DFAC aims to enable the gravity gradiometer to operate so as to determine the Earth's gravity field especially in the so-called measurement bandwidth (5-100mHz), making use of ion and micro-thruster actuators. The DFAC unit has been designed entirely on a simplified discrete-time model (Embedded Model) derived from the fine dynamics of the spacecraft and its environment; the relevant control algorithms are implemented and tuned around the Embedded Model, which is the core of the control unit. The DFAC has been tested against uncertainties in spacecraft and environment and its code has been the preliminary model for final code development. The DFAC assumes an all-propulsion command authority, partly abandoned by the actual GOCE control system because of electric micro-propulsion not being fully developed. Since all-propulsion authority is expected to be imperative for future scientific and observation missions, design and simulated results are believed to be of interest to the space communit

Evaluation of High-Precision Sensors in Structural Monitoring

One of the most intricate branches of metrology involves the monitoring of displacements and deformations of natural and anthropogenic structures under environmental forces, such as tidal or tectonic phenomena, or ground water level changes. Technological progress has changed the measurement process, and steadily increasing accuracy requirements have led to the continued development of new measuring instruments. The adoption of an appropriate measurement strategy, with proper instruments suited for the characteristics of the observed structure and its environmental conditions, is of high priority in the planning of deformation monitoring processes. This paper describes the use of precise digital inclination sensors in continuous monitoring of structural deformations. The topic is treated from two viewpoints: (i) evaluation of the performance of inclination sensors by comparing them to static and continuous GPS observations in deformation monitoring and (ii) providing a strategy for analyzing the structural deformations. The movements of two case study objects, a tall building and a geodetic monument in Istanbul, were separately monitored using dual-axes micro-radian precision inclination sensors (inclinometers) and GPS. The time series of continuous deformation observations were analyzed using the Least Squares Spectral Analysis Technique (LSSA). Overall, the inclinometers showed good performance for continuous monitoring of structural displacements, even at the sub-millimeter level. Static GPS observations remained insufficient for resolving the deformations to the sub-centimeter level due to the errors that affect GPS signals. With the accuracy advantage of inclination sensors, their use with GPS provides more detailed investigation of deformation phenomena. Using inclinometers and GPS is helpful to be able to identify the components of structural responses to the natural forces as static, quasi-static, or resonant

Time-Frequency Analyses of Tide-Gauge Sensor Data

The real world phenomena being observed by sensors are generally non-stationary in nature. The classical linear techniques for analysis and modeling natural time-series observations are inefficient and should be replaced by non-linear techniques of whose theoretical aspects and performances are varied. In this manner adopting the most appropriate technique and strategy is essential in evaluating sensors’ data. In this study, two different time-series analysis approaches, namely least squares spectral analysis (LSSA) and wavelet analysis (continuous wavelet transform, cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence algorithms as extensions of wavelet analysis), are applied to sea-level observations recorded by tide-gauge sensors, and the advantages and drawbacks of these methods are reviewed. The analyses were carried out using sea-level observations recorded at the Antalya-II and Erdek tide-gauge stations of the Turkish National Sea-Level Monitoring System. In the analyses, the useful information hidden in the noisy signals was detected, and the common features between the two sea-level time series were clarified. The tide-gauge records have data gaps in time because of issues such as instrumental shortcomings and power outages. Concerning the difficulties of the time-frequency analysis of data with voids, the sea-level observations were preprocessed, and the missing parts were predicted using the neural network method prior to the analysis. In conclusion the merits and limitations of the techniques in evaluating non-stationary observations by means of tide-gauge sensors records were documented and an analysis strategy for the sequential sensors observations was presented

Robustness analysis of geodetic networks in the case of correlated observations

GPS (or GNSS) networks are invaluable tools for monitoring natural hazards such as earthquakes. However, blunders in GPS observations may be mistakenly interpreted as deformation. Therefore, robust networks are needed in deformation monitoring using GPS networks. Robustness analysis is a natural merger of reliability and strain and defined as the ability to resist deformations caused by the maximum undetecle errors as determined from internal reliability analysis. However, to obtain rigorously correct results; the correlations among the observations must be considered while computing maximum undetectable errors. Therefore, we propose to use the normalized reliability numbers instead of redundancy numbers (Baarda's approach) in robustness analysis of a GPS network. A simple mathematical relation showing the ratio between uncorrelated and correlated cases for maximum undetectable error is derived. The same ratio is also valid for the displacements. Numerical results show that if correlations among observations are ignored, dramatically different displacements can be obtained depending on the size of multiple correlation coefficients. Furthermore, when normalized reliability numbers are small, displacements get large, i.e., observations with low reliability numbers cause bigger displacements compared to observations with high reliability numbers