Material working conditions in Physical and Health Education classes

Tema ovog diplomskog rada je utjecaj materijalnih uvjeta rada na kvalitetu nastave Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture u osnovnim školama. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na razlike između škola u urbanim sredinama, koje često raspolažu boljim uvjetima, i onih u ruralnim područjima, gdje su materijalni resursi ograničeni. U radu se analiziraju ključni aspekti tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture, uključujući važnost rane tjelesne aktivnosti, prilagodbu nastavnih sadržaja razvojnoj dobi učenika te utjecaj socioekonomskih čimbenika na zdravlje i tjelesni razvoj djece. Također, razmatra se uloga dodatnih aktivnosti kao što su natjecanja u razredu, zimovanja i ljetovanja, koje za učenike iz škola s lošim materijalnim uvjetima predstavljaju iznimno vrijedne prilike za stjecanje novih iskustava i širenje vidika. Ove aktivnosti pomažu u prevladavanju nedostataka u svakodnevnom školskom okruženju, potičući učenike na razvijanje samopouzdanja, socijalnih vještina i zdravih životnih navika. Kroz analizu relevantne literature i kurikularnih zahtjeva, rad ukazuje na važnost modernizacije školske infrastrukture i kontinuirane edukacije učitelja u cilju osiguravanja ravnopravnog pristupa kvalitetnoj tjelesnoj i zdravstvenoj kulturi za sve učenike. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na potrebu za poboljšanjem uvjeta rada u školama u ruralnim područjima, gdje nedostatak osnovnih resursa može negativno utjecati na motivaciju učenika i njihove zdravstvene ishode. Zaključak rada ističe da, unatoč izazovima, kreativni pristupi i dodatne aktivnosti mogu značajno doprinijeti kvaliteti nastave i ukupnom razvoju učenika, te daje smjernice za daljnja istraživanja i praktične preporuke za unaprjeđenje materijalnih uvjeta u školama.The topic of this thesis is the impact of material working conditions on the quality of physical and health education in primary schools. Special emphasis is placed on the differences between schools in urban areas, which often have better conditions, and those in rural areas, where material resources are limited. The thesis analyzes key aspects of physical and health education, including the importance of early physical activity, the adaptation of teaching content to the developmental age of students, and the influence of socioeconomic factors on the health and physical development of children. The role of additional activities, such as classroom competitions, winter camps, and summer camps, is also considered, as these represent extremely valuable opportunities for students from schools with poor material conditions to gain new experiences and broaden their horizons. These activities help to overcome the shortcomings of everyday school environments, encouraging students to develop confidence, social skills, and healthy lifestyle habits. Through the analysis of relevant literature and curricular requirements, the paper highlights the importance of modernizing school infrastructure and the continuous education of teachers to ensure equal access to quality physical and health education for all students. Special emphasis is placed on the need to improve working conditions in schools in rural areas, where the lack of basic resources can negatively affect students' motivation and health outcomes. The conclusion emphasizes that, despite the challenges, creative approaches and additional activities can significantly contribute to the quality of teaching and the overall development of students and provides guidelines for further research and practical recommendations for improving material conditions in schools

The impact of technology on the health and education of preschool children

Tehnološki napredak proteklih desetljeća imao je dubok utjecaj na sve aspekte ljudskog života, uključujući i odgoj i obrazovanje djece. Kao odgojitelj iznimno mi je važno obratiti pozornost na to kako predškolska djeca, koja se nalaze u jednoj od faza fizičkog, emocionalnog i kognitivnog razvoja, reagiraju na tehnologiju i stalan porast prisutnosti iste u njihovom okruženju. U vremenu kada su pametni telefoni, tableti, računala i drugi digitalni uređaji postali prioritetni alati u svakodnevnom životu, čak i bebe imaju pristup virtualnom svijetu, prije nego steknu osnovne motoričke i socijalne vještine. Ako se koristi na pravilan način, tehnologija može pružiti obrazovne i razvojne koristi, uključujući pristup edukativnim materijalima koji mogu promovirati ranu pismenost, kreativnost i kritičko razmišljanje. Međutim, prekomjerna ili nepropisno usmjerena uporaba tehnologije može dovesti do niza štetnih učinaka na zdravlje i razvoj djeteta, od problema s vidom i smanjene fizičke aktivnosti do otežanog predviđanja i korištenja socijalnih vještina te emocionalne labilnosti. Ovaj rad istražuje kako tehnologija utječe na odgoj predškolskog djeteta. Cilj je prikazati kako tehnologija utječe na razne aspekte razvoja predškolske djece i ulogu odgajatelja, ali i roditelja, u usmjeravanju i umjeravanju uporabe tehnologije u ranom djetinjstvu. Podržana je suvremenim istraživanjima o dječjem razvoju, zdravlju i obrazovanju, a na kraju se nude preporuke kako optimizirati uporabu tehnologije.The technological progress of the past decades has had a profound impact on all aspects of human life, including the upbringing and education of children. As an educator, it is extremely important for me to pay attention to how preschool children, who are in one of the stages of physical, emotional and cognitive development, react to technology and the constant increase in its presence in their environment. At a time when smartphones, tablets, computers and other digital devices have become priority tools in everyday life, even babies have access to the virtual world, before they acquire basic motor and social skills. If used properly, technology can provide educational and developmental benefits, including access to educational materials that can promote early literacy, creativity, and critical thinking. However, excessive or improperly directed use of technology can lead to a number of adverse effects on a child's health and development, from vision problems and reduced physical activity to difficulty predicting and using social skills and emotional lability. This paper investigates how technology affects the health and upbringing of a preschool child. The goal is to show how technology affects various aspects of preschool children's development and the role of parents and educators in guiding and moderating the use of technology in early childhood. It is supported by modern research on child development, health and education, and at the end recommendations are offered on how to optimize the use of technology

The linguistic and didactic role of the picture book in mediating religious content

Jezik i jezična sposobnost čovjeka čine razliku između njega i svih drugih živih bića na Zemlji. Jezik je apstraktan sustav znakova kojemu je svrha sporazumijevanje ljudi. Kroz jezik dijete upoznaje svijet, razvija cjelokupnu ličnost te izražava svoje misli, osjećaje i želje. Djeca imaju urođenu želju i potrebu komunicirati. U ranoj dobi nisu im potrebne upute niti pomagala kako bi počeli govoriti materinskim jezikom, već samo blizina roditelja ili druge bliske osobe koja će mu služiti kao govorni model. Također, razvoju jezične sposobnosti doprinosi čitanje slikovnice. Ona predstavlja prvi susret djeteta s književnošću i pisanom riječju pa je radi toga nužno voditi brigu o kvaliteti onoga što se djetetu nudi. Dijete je zapravo svrha postojanja slikovnice. Njemu je potrebna slikovnica koja će pratiti njegov razvoj, biti u skladu s potrebama i iskustvom te ona koja će moći odgovoriti na njegove interese. Ideja izrade slikovnice, koja će djelomično biti prikazana u posljednjem poglavlju ovoga rada, javila se tijekom animiranja djece u župnoj zajednici. Uvidjevši da djeca nemaju gdje i kako usvajati ponašanje za vrijeme svete mise, utvrđena je potreba njena nastanka. Slikovnica ima dvostruku ulogu; približiti djeci ono što se događa za vrijeme svete mise te pružiti potporu roditeljima koji sami ne znaju kako bi djetetu pomogli uvidjeti ljepotu toga sakramenta. Želja za nastankom slikovnice dugo je sazrijevala. Taj izazov prihvatila je draga ilustratorica Tea i poštovana mentorica, prof. Aladrović Slovaček. Obje su uložile svoje vrijeme i trud kako bi ta slikovnica bila dovršena. U zadnjem poglavlju teorijskoga dijela iznesen je postupak i detaljan opis izrade slikovnice.The language and linguistic ability of man make the difference between him and all other living beings on Earth. Language is an abstract system of signs whose purpose is to communicate between people. Through language, the child gets to know the world, develops his whole personality and expresses his thoughts, feelings and wishes. Children have an innate desire and need to communicate. At an early age, they do not need instructions or help to start speaking their mother tongue, but only the proximity of their parents or another close person who will serve as a speech model. Also, reading a picture book contributes to the development of language skills. It represents the child's first encounter with literature and the written word, so it is necessary to take care of the quality of what is offered to the child. The child is actually the purpose of the existence of the picture book. He needs a picture book that will follow his development, be in line with his needs and experience, and one that will be able to respond to his interests. The idea of creating a picture book, which will be partially presented in the last chapter of this paper, came about during the animation of children in the parish community. Seeing that children have no place and no way to adopt behavior during Holy Mass, the need for its creation was established. The picture book has a double role; bring children closer to what happens during Holy Mass and provide support to parents who do not know how to help their child see the beauty of that sacrament. The desire to create a picture book took a long time to mature. That challenge was accepted by dear illustrator Tea and respected mentor, prof. Aladrovi Slovaček. Both invested their time and effort in order to complete this picture book. In the last chapter of the theoretical part, the procedure and detailed description of the creation of the picture book is presented

Primjena monološke metode pripovijedanja na poučavanje izvornih govornika padežima hrvatskoga jezika

Tema je ovoga specijalističkog rada primjena monološke metode pripovijedanja u poučavanju padežima hrvatskog jezika izvornim govornicima. Cilj je rada istražiti učinkovitost i mogućnosti korištenja ove metode u razumijevanju i primjeni padeža te potaknuti angažiranost i motivaciju učenika. Analizom tradicionalnih pristupa podučavanju gramatike ističu se nedostaci učenja pravila i padežnih pitanja umjesto razumijevanja i primjene padeža u govornom i pisanom okruženju. Monološka metoda pripovijedanja pruža učenicima neizravno otkrivanje jezičnih zakonitosti i praktičnu primjenu stečenog znanja, emocionalno povezivanje s pričom, pamćenje jezičnih struktura te razvoj aktivnog slušanja i kreativnog izražavanja. Stoga se glavni dio rada temelji na opisu primjene metode u praksi i obuhvaća prikaz sati s autorskim pričama o antropomorfiziranim padežima, koje su upotpunjene dramskim vježbama i aktivnostima. Analiza provedene prakse naglašava važnost pričanja priča u nastavi kao efektivnoga pedagoškog alata koji potiče angažiranost, motivaciju i uspješan razvoj učenika. Pamćenje priča pruža učenicima trajno znanje koje mogu primijeniti poslije u drugim životnim situacijama.The topic of this specialist paper is the application of the monologue method of storytelling in teaching Croatian language cases to native speakers. The aim of the paper is to explore the effectiveness and possibilities of using this method in understanding and applying cases and to stimulate the students' engagement and motivation. An analysis of traditional approaches to teaching grammar shows the shortcomings of learning rules and case questions instead of understanding and applying cases in both spoken and written environments. The monologic storytelling method provides students with an indirect discovery of linguistic regularities and a practical application of acquired knowledge, emotional connection with the story, memorization of language structures and the development of active listening and creative expression. Therefore, the main part of the paper is based on the description of the methods' application in practice and includes a presentation of lessons with author's stories about anthropomorphized cases, which are supplemented with drama exercises and activities. The conclusions of the conducted practice emphasize the importance of storytelling in class as an effective pedagogical tool which encourages the students' engagement, motivation and successful development. Additionally, memorizing stories provides students with lasting knowledge which they can later apply in various life situations

Sounds Of The Native Land In The Music Classroom: Josip Vrhovski And Međimurska Popevka

Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je prikazati značajnost skladatelja i glazbenog pedagoga Josipa Vrhovskog koji je stvarao jedinstvene skladbe temeljene na međimurskom melosu što je jedna od najvažnijih značajki njegova stvaralaštva, a sukladno tome i posebnost međimurske popevke kao glazbe kojom se Međimurje oslobodilo vlasti Mađara. U ovome radu najprije se opisuje djetinjstvo Josipa Vrhovskog i početak njegovog glazbenog puta, detaljno se prikazuje njegov plodonosan skladateljski, dirigentski i pedagoški rad u razdoblju od 1945. pa do 1983. godine, a posebno poglavlje posvećeno je i Josipu Vrhovskom kao glazbenom piscu koji piše osvrte na koncerte, glazbu kao i polemike o važnosti očuvanja narodne kulture koju smatra najvažnijom. Josip Vrhovski osnovao je brojna pjevačka društva, vodio različite zborove i orkestre u čak tri grada u kojima je boravio za vrijeme svog života ─ Varaždinu, Splitu i Karlovcu. Dio o njemu završava spominjanjem pjevačkog zbora Josip Vrhovski koji i dan danas čuva njegovo ime od zaborava, a čija sam i osobno članica. Drugi dio ovog rada odnosi se na najvažnije blago Međimuraca, međunarodno priznatu međimursku popevku te su opisane njezine najvažnije značajke, nastanak, glazbala i glazbeni sastavi koji je izvode, navedena je njezina povijest kao i današnja uloga u obrazovanju i kulturi, primjena te konačno sam postupak njenog uvrštavanja na UNESCO-ov popis nematerijalne kulturne baštine čovječanstva čime se Međimurci posebno ponose. Međimurskoj popevki posvećena je i smotra u Nedelišću na kojoj se svake godine pjevači, kao pojedinci ili kulturno – umjetnička društva, predstavljaju odabranim tradicijskim napjevima čuvajući popevku od zaborava. Isto tako, popevki u čast, planira se i izgradnja Centra za posjetitelje u Donjoj Dubravi, rodnom kraju njezine čuvarice Tete Lize.The goal of this graduation thesis is to highlight the significance of composer and music educator Josip Vrhovski, who created unique compositions based on the musical traditions of Međimurje, which was one of the most important features of his work. This is also closely tied to the distinctiveness of the Međimurska popevka (traditional folk song from Međimurje), a form of music through which the region of Međimurje symbolically liberated itself from Hungarian rule. The paper begins with a description of Josip Vrhovski’s childhood and the start of his musical journey. It then provides a detailed account of his fruitful career as a composer, conductor, and educator from 1945 to 1983. A chapter is dedicated to Josip Vrhovski as a music writer who wrote concert reviews, commentary on music, and engaged in discussions on the importance of preserving folk culture, which he considered of utmost importance. Josip Vrhovski founded numerous singing clubs and led various choirs and orchestras in three different cities where he lived during his lifetime—Varaždin, Split, and Karlovac. The section about him concludes with a mention of the Josip Vrhovski Choir, which still honors his legacy to this day, and of which I am a member myself. The second part of this thesis focuses on the most treasured heritage of the people of Međimurje—the internationally recognized Međimurska popevka. It describes its key features, origins, traditional instruments and musical ensembles that perform it, as well as its history and current role in education and culture. The paper also outlines its applications and the process of its inclusion on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity—an honor that the people of Međimurje are especially proud of. The Međimurska popevka also has its own annual showcase in Nedelišće, where singers—either soloists or members of cultural and artistic societies—perform selected traditional songs, preserving the popevka from being forgotten. In tribute to the popevka, a Visitor Center is also being planned in Donja Dubrava, the birthplace of its guardian, Teta Liza

The Impact Of Digital Media On The Language Development Of Preschool Children

Ovaj završni rad bavi se utjecajem digitalnih medija na razvoj jezika djece predškolske dobi, s posebnim naglaskom na teorijske spoznaje i analizu postojećih istraživanja i stručne literature. U suvremenom društvu, djeca sve ranije dolaze u kontakt s digitalnim tehnologijama poput pametnih telefona, tableta, televizije i računala. Upravo ta rana i učestala izloženost digitalnim medijima postavlja brojna pitanja o njezinu potencijalnom utjecaju na kognitivni i jezični razvoj djeteta. Rad pruža pregled ključnih razvojnih faza jezika u predškolskoj dobi te objašnjava ulogu socijalne interakcije, okoline i stimulativnih faktora u tom procesu. Nadalje, analiziraju se prednosti i nedostaci korištenja digitalnih medija, pri čemu se naglašava važnost kvalitete sadržaja, trajanja izloženosti i prisutnosti odrasle osobe u procesu medijacije. Teorijska analiza pokazuje da digitalni mediji mogu imati i pozitivan i negativan utjecaj na razvoj jezika. S jedne strane, edukativni i interaktivni sadržaji mogu obogatiti dječji rječnik i potaknuti verbalnu produkciju, dok s druge strane prekomjerna, pasivna i nekontrolirana uporaba može dovesti do smanjenih verbalnih interakcija, odgođenog govornog razvoja i siromašnijeg jezičnog izražavanja. U zaključku, ističe se važnost uravnoteženog i nadziranog korištenja digitalnih medija, kao i uloge roditelja i odgojitelja u usmjeravanju dječje komunikacije u digitalnom okruženju. Rad ukazuje na potrebu za daljnjim istraživanjima i edukacijom roditelja i stručnjaka o odgovornom korištenju medija u najranijoj dobi.This thesis explores the impact of digital media on the language development of preschool children, with a particular focus on theoretical insights and an analysis of existing research and professional literature. In contemporary society, children are increasingly exposed to digital technologies such as smartphones, tablets, television, and computers at an early age. This early and frequent exposure to digital media raises numerous questions regarding its potential effects on a child’s cognitive and language development. The paper provides an overview of the key stages of language development in preschool age and explains the role of social interaction, environment, and stimulating factors in that process. Furthermore, it examines the advantages and disadvantages of digital media use, emphasizing the importance of content quality, duration of exposure, and the presence of an adult in the mediation process. Theoretical analysis indicates that digital media can have both positive and negative effects on language development. On the one hand, educational and interactive content can enrich children's vocabulary and encourage verbal expression, while on the other hand, excessive, passive, and uncontrolled use may lead to reduced verbal interactions, delayed speech development, and poorer language expression. In conclusion, the importance of balanced and supervised use of digital media is emphasized, as well as the role of parents and educators in guiding children's communication within the digital environment. The paper highlights the need for further research and the education of parents and professionals on the responsible use of media in early childhood

Additional reading materials in early literacy teaching

U ovome radu govori se o dopunskim izvorima čitanja u nastavi početnog opismenjavanja i utvrđivanju koriste li se dopunski izvori čitanja u nastavi početnog opismenjavanja te koliko se njima potiče čitanje među učenicima prvog i drugog razreda u primarnom obrazovanju. Također, u radu se donosi teorijski okvir unutar kojeg se objašnjavaju pojmovi kao što su nastava, nastava početnoga opismenjavanja, čitanje i dopunski izvori čitanja. U kontekstu navedenog teorijskog okvira provedeno je istraživanje čiji je cilj bio utvrditi koriste li se dopunski izvori u nastavi početnog opismenjavanja te koliko su ispitani učenici usvojili vještinu i sposobnost čitanja. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 102 učenika prvih razreda iz triju škola i 104 učenika drugih razreda također iz triju škola. Istraživanje je provedeno anonimnim upitnikom i u skladu s Etičkim kodeksom. Zaključak dobiven iz provedene ankete u prvim razredima jest da većina učenika zna i voli čitati, ali u nastavi hrvatskoga jezika ne služe se često dopunskim izvorima u čitanju. Zaključak dobiven iz provedene ankete u drugim razredima jest da također većina učenika zna i voli čitati. Analiza odgovora također pokazuje da učenici prvih razreda pokazuju veći interes za čitanje od ispitanih učenika drugog razreda. Dopunski izvori su zastupljeni u nastavi, ali u manjem omjeru. Zaključak je kako bi trebalo povećati njihovu uporabu zbog toga što donose odmak od svakodnevnog korištenja udžbenika i zbirki zadataka.This thesis explores the use of supplementary reading materials in early literacy teaching and determines whether such materials are utilized in early literacy teaching, as well as the extent to which they encourage reading among first and second grade students in primary education. The thesis also presents a theoretical framework within which concepts such as teaching, early literacy teaching, reading and supplementary reading resources are explained. Within this framework, a study was conducted to determine whether supplementary reading resources are used in early literacy teaching and to what extent the surveyed students have acquired the skill and ability to read. The research involved 102 first grade students and 104 second grade students from three different schools. Data was collected through an anonymous questionnaire in accordance with the Ethical Code of Conduct. Findings from the first grade survey is that the majority of students know how to and enjoy reading, but do not often use supplementary reading materials in Croatian language classes. Results from the second grade survey also show that most students know how to read and like doing so. By analyzing the responses to the question "Do you like to read?" in the first and second grades of elementary school, it was determined that first grade students show a greater interest in reading. Supplementary reading materials are used in teaching, but to a lesser extent. The conclusion is that their use should be increased, as they provide an alternative to the everyday use of textbooks and workbooks

The Contribution Of Music To The Emotional Development Of The Child

Glazba je univerzalni oblik izra~avanja koji ima sna~an utjecaj na emocionalni svijet svakog ovjeka. Od najranije dobi, glazba prati razvoj djeteta, pru~ajui mu mogunost izra~avanja emocija. Upravo zbog svoje sposobnosti kojom dopire do svake osobnosti, glazba ima posebno va~nu ulogu u ranom djetinjstvu kada je verbalizacija job u razvojnoj fazi, a emocionalni do~ivljaji sna~ni i esto burni i tebko razumljivi. Ovaj rad pisan je s ciljem istra~ivanja na koji nain glazba doprinosi emocionalnom razvoju djeteta u predbkolskom razdoblju. Posebna se pa~nja posveuje nainu na koji dijete putem glazbenih aktivnosti izra~ava i do~ivljava emocije i glazbu kao sredstvo samoregulacije. Razmatraju se i konkretni oblici glazbenih aktivnosti kroz koje djeca spontano i slobodno izra~avaju svoje osjeaje. Istie se uloga odgojitelja, iji je zadatak oplemeniti djecu kvalitetnom glazbom koja e im pru~iti podra~avajue okru~enje za glazbeno izra~avanje. Rad potvrđuje da je glazba ne samo sredstvo umjetnikog izraza, ve i sna~an pedagobki alat koji znaajno doprinosi izgradnji emocionalnog identiteta i socijalne osjetljivosti.Music is a universal form of expression that has a profound impact on the emotional world of every individual. From the earliest age, music accompanies a child’s development, providing an opportunity to express emotions. Due to its ability to reach deep into each personality, music plays a particularly important role in early childhood, when verbal expression is still developing and emotional experiences are often intense, overwhelming, and difficult to understand. This paper aims to explore the ways in which music contributes to the emotional development of children in the preschool period. Special attention is given to how children express and experience emotions through musical activities, as well as to music as a means of emotional self-regulation. The paper also examines specific forms of musical activities through which children spontaneously and freely express their feelings. The role of the educator is emphasized, whose task is to enrich children’s experiences with quality music and to provide a stimulating environment for musical expression. The findings confirm that music is not only a medium of artistic expression, but also a powerful pedagogical tool that significantly contributes to the development of emotional identity and social sensitivity

Themes And Motifs In Drawing Art Activities With Preschool Children Of Different Genders And Ages

Djeca su maštovita i njihova je kreativnost spontana, što se prepoznaje i kroz njihovu likovnost. Tematika koju djeca izražavaju u svojim likovnim radovima plod je njihovog iskustva i njihove mašte. Ovaj rad istražuje različitost dječjih likovnih radova djece različite dobi, s obzirom na spol i dob. Cilj istraživanja je ispitati kako se odabir motiva u crtežima razlikuje među djecom s obzirom na spol i dob. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da i djevojčice i dječaci imaju različite ideje za crtanje, no također su uočene i sličnosti među njihovim radovima. Iako djeca imaju sklonost odabiru različitih motiva, ne postoje teme koje su isključivo prikladne za djevojčice ili samo za dječake. U mlađim dobnim skupinama nije bilo značajnih razlika u izboru motiva, budući da su djeca najčešće birala neutralne motive poput vozila, balona i članova obitelji. Međutim, u srednjoj skupini već su uočljive razlike – djevojčice se češće odlučuju za motive poput srca, cvijeća, obitelji, prijateljica i ljubimaca, dok dječaci češće biraju vozila, strojeve, sportove i igre. Kako djeca rastu, njihov izraz postaje složeniji i detaljniji. U mlađim dobnim skupinama (3-4 godine) crteži su jednostavni, uglavnom prikazuju bliske osobe, osnovne oblike i poznate predmete. S godinama (4,5-6 i 6-7 godina), oblici i scene postaju kompleksniji, odražavajući sve veću svijest o socijalnom okruženju i detaljima. Dječaci prelaze prema složenijim sportskim scenama i tehničkim detaljima, dok djevojčice stvaraju scene koje prikazuju obiteljske trenutke, prijateljstva i prirodu. Tijekom istraživanja korištena je olovka kao likovna tehnika, iako su neka djeca pokazala interes za raznolike materijale, pa su osim olovaka koristila drvene bojice, pa čak i flomastere, kako bi obogatila boje svojih radova.Children are imaginative and their creativity is spontaneous, which is also identified through their artistic ability. The themes that children express in their works of art are the fruit of their experience and imagination. This paper explores the diversity of children's art works in different ages, in regard to gender and age. The aim of the research is to examine how the choice of motifs in drawings differs among children considering their gender and age. The results of the study showed that both girls and boys have different ideas for drawing, but similarities were also observed between their works. Although children tend to choose different motifs, there are no themes that are exclusively suitable for girls or only for boys. In the younger age groups, there were no significant differences in the choice of motifs, as children most often chose neutral motifs such as vehicles, balloons, and family members. However, in the middle group, differences are already noticeable - girls more often opt for motifs such as hearts, flowers, family, friends, and pets, while boys more often choose vehicles, machines, sports and games. As children grow, their expression becomes more complex and detailed. In the younger age groups (3-4 years), drawings are simple, mostly depicting familiar people, basic shapes, and familiar objects. With age (4, 5-6, and 6-7 years), shapes and scenes become more complex, reflecting an increasing awareness of the social environment and details. Boys move toward more complex sports scenes and technical details, while girls create scenes depicting family moments, friendships, and nature. During the research, the pencil was used as an art technique, although some children showed interest in a variety of materials, so in addition to pencils, they used wooden crayons and even felt-tip pens to enrich the colours of their works

Vertical Bilingualism in Preschool Children in the Municipality of Sveti Petar Orehovec

Tema ovog završnog rada je „Vertikalni bilingvizam kod predškolske djece u općini Sveti Petar Orehovec.“ U prvom dijelu rada opisan je teorijski dio o usvajanju jezika, općenito o bilingvizmu, nastanak i proširenost te podjela bilingvizma. U jednom je poglavlju opisano kakve su to obitelji u kojima se koristi bilingvizam i prebacivanje kodova. Za potrebe ovog završnog rada provedeno je i istraživanje u kojem su ispitanici bili roditelji djece koja pohađaju dječji vrtić „Mali Petar“ koji se nalazi u dva objekta u općini Sveti Petar Orehovec. Stoga su u ovom radu napisani i podaci za već spomenuti dječji vrtić i općinu. U drugom dijelu rada napravljena je analiza ankete u kojoj je sudjelovalo 102 roditelja iz spomenute općine.The topic of this final paper is “Vertical Bilingualism in Preschool Children in the Municipality of Sveti Petar Orehovec.” The first part of the paper presents the theoretical background on language acquisition, bilingualism in general, its origin and prevalence, and the classification of bilingualism. One chapter describes the characteristics of families in which bilingualism and code-switching are present. For the purposes of this final paper, research was conducted involving parents of children attending the kindergarten “Mali Petar,” which operates in two locations within the municipality of Sveti Petar Orehovec. Therefore, this paper also includes relevant information about the aforementioned kindergarten and municipality. The second part of the paper provides an analysis of the survey, in which 102 parents from the municipality mentioned participated