Los espacios públicos de la literatura contemporánea

Este artículo propone una crítica de la noción habermasiana de esfera pública ; esta, desde sus orígenes, se encuentra estrechamente ligada a la literatura. La esfera pública es descrita como una idealización en la cual el público de la literatura es concebido a partir de una triple supresión (el cuerpo, el espacio y el sonido). Esta representación no describe correctamente las prácticas contemporáneas, entre las cuales las performances literarias, las lecturas públicas y las publicaciones fuera del libro se encuentran cada vez más en el centro de la producción.Cet article propose une critique de la notion habermasienne de « sphère publique », une notion étroitement liée, depuis ses origines, à la littérature. La sphère publique est décrite comme une idéalisation dans laquelle le public de la littérature est conçu à partir d’une triple suppression (celle du corps, de l’espace et du son). Cette représentation ne décrit pas correctement les pratiques contemporaines, parmi lesquelles les performances littéraires, les lectures publiques et les publications hors du livre se trouvent de plus en plus au centre de la production.This article aims at criticizing Habermas’ notion of “public sphere”, a concept which, since its origins, has been closely linked with literature. The public sphere is described as an idealization in which the public of literature is defined as the result of a triple suppression (that of body, sound, and space). This representation does not describe accurately the contemporary practices, among which literary performances, public readings and non-print publications are increasingly taking centre stage

Procédé de co-atomisation séchage pour l'encapsulation d'un principe actif au sein de nanoparticules de silice mésoporeuse

Les nanosystèmes à visée biomédicale sont de plus en plus étudiés en tant qu’outil thérapeutique pour la délivrance contrôlée de substances actives. Grâce à leurs propriétés de surface, leur morphologie, leur réseau poreux organisé ainsi que leur biocompatibilité, les nanoparticules de silice mésoporeuse de type MCM-41 (notées MSN) font partie des nanovecteurs les plus répandus. Leur synthèse et leur fonctionnalisation externe/interne ont été largement étudiées ainsi que leurs propriétés biologiques. Néanmoins, les procédés conventionnels de charge en molécules actives de MSN, comme l'imprégnation, ne présentent pas une efficacité de charge suffisante et sont difficiles à envisager à l'échelle industrielle. Pour surmonter ces limitations, nous avons mis en place un procédé innovant de co-séchage par atomisation pour les MSN, utilisant le Nano Spray Dryer B-90. L’ibuprofène a été choisi comme molécule modèle en raison de ses propriétés physico-chimiques, dont son caractère très faiblement hydrosoluble, de sa taille moléculaire et de la littérature abondante associée. Des techniques complémentaires, telles que DLS, MEB, MET, SAXS, RMN du solide, Adsorption d’azote, ATG/ATD, … etc ont été utilisées pour effectuer une caractérisation multi-échelle des particules chargées. Les poudres séchées par atomisation ont été analysées du point de vue de la taille et de la morphologie des agrégats de MSN formés lors de l’atomisation, de la charge des pores et de la conformation de l'ibuprofène et de ses interactions avec la silice. La caractérisation de poudre atomisée dans des conditions considérées comme référentes prouve que l’ibuprofène se charge dans les pores des MSN et se trouve dans un état qualifié de pseudo-liquide au sein du réseau, interagissant de manière non préférentielle avec la matrice de silice. Un mécanisme de charge en deux étapes a été proposé.Une première étape de charge au sein de la suspension initiale résulte de l’équilibre entre les molécules d’ibuprofène libres en solution et celles physisorbées à l’intérieur des pores des MSN. La seconde étape est réalisée au cours du séchage provoquant l’évaporation du solvant et la diffusion des molécules d’ibuprofène libres dans le réseau de pores. Le rapport massique ibuprofène/silice dans la suspension initiale affecte fortement la localisation (dans les mésopores ou en dehors) et l’état physique (cristallisé, amorphe ou pseudo-liquide) de l'ibuprofène. La quantification de chacune de ces phases a permis de calculer des taux de charge précis. Ainsi, pour des ratios élevés en ibuprofène dans la suspension initiale, il a été démontré que le remplissage des pores continue de s’exercer, alors même que de l’ibuprofène cristallin se forme à l’extérieur des pores. L’augmentation du taux de remplissage des pores s’accompagne dans ce cas d’une densification de l’ibuprofène dans le réseau poreux, passant d’un état pseudo-liquide à un état amorphe. La concentration initiale en solide dans la suspension ainsi que la composition du solvant modifient la densité des agglomérats de MSN. En outre, les paramètres liés au procédé : la taille des pores de la buse d’atomisation, le débit de suspension d’alimentation, la température et le débit du gaz sécheur ont un effet moindre sur la charge en principe actif mais impactent la taille, la morphologie et la densité des agglomérats, ainsi que le rendement de récupération de la poudre en fin d’opération. Ces effets résultent de l’influence de ces paramètres sur la composition des gouttes formées par la buse d’atomisation et sur la cinétique de séchage. Une étude préliminaire a permis d’évaluer les propriétés de libération des MSN chargées et de mettre en évidence une libération rapide et complète de l’ibuprofène encapsulé

Ibuprofen loading into mesoporous silica nanoparticles using Co-Spray drying: A multi-scale study

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSN) are used in an increasing number of applications in nanomedicine. Their synthesis and external/internal functionalization have been extensively studied as well as their biological properties. Nevertheless, the conventional drug loading processes of MSN (such as impregnation), do not enable sufficient efficiency and are difficult to consider on an industrial scale. To overcome these limitations, we implemented an innovative co-spray-drying process, using a nano spray-dryer, to load MSN with ibuprofen molecules. In this contribution, complementary techniques were used to perform a multi-scale characterization of the loaded particles. Spray-dried powders have been analysed from aggregates size and morphology to pore loading and ibuprofen conformation. This study demonstrates that ibuprofen/silica weight ratio in the initial suspension strongly affects the location (into mesopores or external) and the conformation (crystallized, amorphous or liquid-like) of ibuprofen. The quantification of each phase has allowed calculating precise loading rates and demonstrate tunable pore filling

Procédé innovant pour la formulation de nanovecteurs d’agents anticancéreux par co-spray drying

Les nanosystèmes présentent un intérêt important dans le monde biomédical, pour leur utilisation comme outilsdiagnostiquesou thérapeutiquesafin de réaliser une délivrance contrôlée de principes actifs. Parmi tous ces systèmes, les nanoparticules de silice mésoporeuse (MSN), biocompatibles et capablesde se dégrader naturellement dans le corps(Lu et al. 2007, Slowing et al. 2008), possèdent un véritable potentiel en tant que vecteurs de molécules actives.Leur capacité d’encapsulation par physisorption ou chimisorption est également un atout majeur. La silice de type MCM-41 est l’une des plus synthétiséeset utilisées, notammentgrâce à sa forteporosité et à satrès grande surface spécifique (Vallet-Regi etal. 2001, Wilczewska et al. 2012)

EcoTILLING in Capsicum species: searching for new virus resistances

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The EcoTILLING technique allows polymorphisms in target genes of natural populations to be quickly analysed or identified and facilitates the screening of genebank collections for desired traits. We have developed an EcoTILLING platform to exploit <it>Capsicum </it>genetic resources. A perfect example of the utility of this EcoTILLING platform is its application in searching for new virus-resistant alleles in <it>Capsicum </it>genus. Mutations in translation initiation factors (eIF4E, eIF(iso)4E, eIF4G and eIF(iso)4G) break the cycle of several RNA viruses without affecting the plant life cycle, which makes these genes potential targets to screen for resistant germplasm.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We developed and assayed a cDNA-based EcoTILLING platform with 233 cultivated accessions of the genus <it>Capsicum</it>. High variability in the coding sequences of the <it>eIF4E </it>and <it>eIF(iso)4E </it>genes was detected using the cDNA platform. After sequencing, 36 nucleotide changes were detected in the CDS of <it>eIF4E </it>and 26 in <it>eIF(iso)4E</it>. A total of 21 <it>eIF4E </it>haplotypes and 15 <it>eIF(iso)4E </it>haplotypes were identified. To evaluate the functional relevance of this variability, 31 possible eIF4E/eIF(iso)4E combinations were tested against <it>Potato virus Y</it>. The results showed that five new <it>eIF4E </it>variants (<it>pvr2¹⁰</it>, <it>pvr2¹¹</it>, <it>pvr2¹²</it>, <it>pvr2¹³</it>and <it>pvr2¹⁴</it>) were related to PVY-resistance responses.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>EcoTILLING was optimised in different <it>Capsicum </it>species to detect allelic variants of target genes. This work is the first to use cDNA instead of genomic DNA in EcoTILLING. This approach avoids intronic sequence problems and reduces the number of reactions. A high level of polymorphism has been identified for initiation factors, showing the high genetic variability present in our collection and its potential use for other traits, such as genes related to biotic or abiotic stresses, quality or production. Moreover, the new <it>eIF4E </it>and <it>eIF(iso)4E </it>alleles are an excellent collection for searching for new resistance against other RNA viruses.</p

Identification of molecular integrators shows that nitrogen activelycontrolsthephosphatestarvationresponseinplants

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are key macronutrients sustaining plant growth and crop yield and ensuring food security worldwide. Understanding how plants perceive and interpret the combinatorial nature of these signals thus has important agricultural implications within the context of (1) increased food demand, (2) limited P supply, and (3) environmental pollution due to N fertilizer usage. Here, we report the discovery of an active control of P starvation response (PSR) by a combination of local and long-distance N signaling pathways in plants. We show that, in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the nitrate transceptor CHLORINA1/NITRATE TRANSPORTER1.1 (CHL1/NRT1.1) is a component of this signaling crosstalk. We also demonstrate that this crosstalk is dependent on the control of the accumulation and turnover by N of the transcription factor PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE1 (PHR1), a master regulator of P sensing and signaling. We further show an important role of PHOSPHATE2 (PHO2) as an integrator of the N availability into the PSR since the effect of N on PSR is strongly affected in pho2 mutants. We finally show that PHO2 and NRT1.1 influence each other’s transcript levels. These observations are summarized in a model representing a framework with several entry points where N signal influence PSR. Finally, we demonstrate that this phenomenon is conserved in rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), opening biotechnological perspectives in crop plants.This work was supported in the Honude group (Biochemistry & Plant Molecular Physiology) by Agence Nationale de la Recherche (IMANA ANR-14-CE19-0008 with a doctoral fellowship to A.S.), by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS LIA-CoopNet to G.K.), and by the National Science Foundation (NSF IOS 1339362-NutriNet). Research in V.R.’s laboratory was funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and AEI/FEDER/European (grants BIO2013-46539-R and BIO2016-80551-R)

An Induced Mutation in Tomato eIF4E Leads to Immunity to Two Potyviruses

BACKGROUND: The characterization of natural recessive resistance genes and Arabidopsis virus-resistant mutants have implicated translation initiation factors of the eIF4E and eIF4G families as susceptibility factors required for virus infection and resistance function. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To investigate further the role of translation initiation factors in virus resistance we set up a TILLING platform in tomato, cloned genes encoding for translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIF4G and screened for induced mutations that lead to virus resistance. A splicing mutant of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor, S.l_eIF4E1 G1485A, was identified and characterized with respect to cap binding activity and resistance spectrum. Molecular analysis of the transcript of the mutant form showed that both the second and the third exons were miss-spliced, leading to a truncated mRNA. The resulting truncated eIF4E1 protein is also impaired in cap-binding activity. The mutant line had no growth defect, likely because of functional redundancy with others eIF4E isoforms. When infected with different potyviruses, the mutant line was immune to two strains of Potato virus Y and Pepper mottle virus and susceptible to Tobacco each virus. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Mutation analysis of translation initiation factors shows that translation initiation factors of the eIF4E family are determinants of plant susceptibility to RNA viruses and viruses have adopted strategies to use different isoforms. This work also demonstrates the effectiveness of TILLING as a reverse genetics tool to improve crop species. We have also developed a complete tool that can be used for both forward and reverse genetics in tomato, for both basic science and crop improvement. By opening it to the community, we hope to fulfill the expectations of both crop breeders and scientists who are using tomato as their model of study

Engineering of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated potyvirus resistance in transgene-free Arabidopsis plants

Members of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) gene family, including eIF4E and its paralogue eIF(iso)4E, have previously been identified as recessive resistance alleles against various potyviruses in a range of different hosts. However, the identification and introgression of these alleles into important crop species is often limited. In this study, we utilise CRISPR/Cas9 technology to introduce sequence‐specific deleterious point mutations at the eIF(iso)4E locus in Arabidopsis thaliana to successfully engineer complete resistance to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), a major pathogen in field‐grown vegetable crops. By segregating the induced mutation from the CRISPR/Cas9 transgene, we outline a framework for the production of heritable, homozygous mutations in the transgene‐free T(2) generation in self‐pollinating species. Analysis of dry weights and flowering times for four independent T(3) lines revealed no differences from wild‐type plants under standard growth conditions, suggesting that homozygous mutations in eIF(iso)4E do not affect plant vigour. Thus, the established CRISPR/Cas9 technology provides a new approach for the generation of Potyvirus resistance alleles in important crops without the use of persistent transgenes

Regulation of translation initiation under biotic and abiotic stresses

[EN] Plants have developed versatile strategies to deal with the great variety of challenging conditions they are exposed to. Among them, the regulation of translation is a common target to finely modulate gene expression both under biotic and abiotic stress situations. Upon environmental challenges, translation is regulated to reduce the consumption of energy and to selectively synthesize proteins involved in the proper establishment of the tolerance response. In the case of viral infections, the situation is more complex, as viruses have evolved unconventional mechanisms to regulate translation in order to ensure the production of the viral encoded proteins using the plant machinery. Although the final purpose is different, in some cases, both plants and viruses share common mechanisms to modulate translation. In others, the mechanisms leading to the control of translation are viral- or stress-specific. In this paper, we review the different mechanisms involved in the regulation of translation initiation under virus infection and under environmental stress in plants. In addition, we describe the main features within the viral RNAs and the cellular mRNAs that promote their selective translation in plants undergoing biotic and abiotic stress situations.This work was supported by the ERC Starting Grant 260468 to M. Mar Castellano.Echevarria-Zomeno, S.; Yanguez, E.; Fernandez-Bautista, N.; Castro-Sanz, AB.; Ferrando Monleón, AR.; Castellano, MM. (2013). Regulation of translation initiation under biotic and abiotic stresses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 14(3):4670-4683. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14034670S46704683143Dever, T. E., & Green, R. (2012). The Elongation, Termination, and Recycling Phases of Translation in Eukaryotes. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 4(7), a013706-a013706. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a013706Sonenberg, N., & Hinnebusch, A. G. (2009). 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Glucose depletion inhibits translation initiation via eIF4A loss and subsequent 48S preinitiation complex accumulation, while the pentose phosphate pathway is coordinately up-regulated. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 22(18), 3379-3393. doi:10.1091/mbc.e11-02-0153Gilbert, W. V., Zhou, K., Butler, T. K., & Doudna, J. A. (2007). Cap-Independent Translation Is Required for Starvation-Induced Differentiation in Yeast. Science, 317(5842), 1224-1227. doi:10.1126/science.1144467Liu, L., & Simon, M. C. (2004). Regulation of Transcription and Translation by Hypoxia. Cancer Biology & Therapy, 3(6), 492-497. doi:10.4161/cbt.3.6.1010Sun, J., Conn, C. S., Han, Y., Yeung, V., & Qian, S.-B. (2010). PI3K-mTORC1 Attenuates Stress Response by Inhibiting Cap-independent Hsp70 Translation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286(8), 6791-6800. doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.172882Walsh, D., Mathews, M. B., & Mohr, I. (2012). Tinkering with Translation: Protein Synthesis in Virus-Infected Cells. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 5(1), a012351-a012351. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012351Floris, M., Mahgoub, H., Lanet, E., Robaglia, C., & Menand, B. (2009). Post-transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression in Plants during Abiotic Stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10(7), 3168-3185. doi:10.3390/ijms10073168Jackson, R. J., Hellen, C. U. T., & Pestova, T. V. (2010). The mechanism of eukaryotic translation initiation and principles of its regulation. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 11(2), 113-127. doi:10.1038/nrm2838Clemens, M. J. (2001). Translational regulation in cell stress and apoptosis. Roles of the eIF4E binding proteins. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 5(3), 221-239. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2001.tb00157.xWek, R. C., Jiang, H.-Y., & Anthony, T. G. (2006). Coping with stress: eIF2 kinases and translational control. Biochemical Society Transactions, 34(1), 7-11. doi:10.1042/bst0340007Holcik, M., & Sonenberg, N. (2005). 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PLoS ONE, 7(5), e35915. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035915Sudhakar, A., Ramachandran, A., Ghosh, S., Hasnain, S. E., Kaufman, R. J., & Ramaiah, K. V. A. (2000). Phosphorylation of Serine 51 in Initiation Factor 2α (eIF2α) Promotes Complex Formation between eIF2α(P) and eIF2B and Causes Inhibition in the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Activity of eIF2B†. Biochemistry, 39(42), 12929-12938. doi:10.1021/bi0008682García, M. A., Meurs, E. F., & Esteban, M. (2007). The dsRNA protein kinase PKR: Virus and cell control. Biochimie, 89(6-7), 799-811. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2007.03.001Katze, M. G., He, Y., & Gale, M. (2002). Viruses and interferon: a fight for supremacy. Nature Reviews Immunology, 2(9), 675-687. doi:10.1038/nri888Mohr, I. (2006). Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events that regulate viral mRNA translation. Virus Research, 119(1), 89-99. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.10.009Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Kanyuka, K., Parry, M. A. J., Powers, S. J., & Halford, N. G. (2008). GCN2-dependent phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α in Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 59(11), 3131-3141. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern169Lageix, S., Lanet, E., Pouch-Pélissier, M.-N., Espagnol, M.-C., Robaglia, C., Deragon, J.-M., & Pélissier, T. (2008). Arabidopsis eIF2α kinase GCN2 is essential for growth in stress conditions and is activated by wounding. BMC Plant Biology, 8(1), 134. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-8-134Bilgin, D. D., Liu, Y., Schiff, M., & Dinesh-Kumar, S. . (2003). P58IPK, a Plant Ortholog of Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase PKR Inhibitor, Functions in Viral Pathogenesis. Developmental Cell, 4(5), 651-661. doi:10.1016/s1534-5807(03)00125-4Gallie, D. R., Le, H., Caldwell, C., Tanguay, R. L., Hoang, N. X., & Browning, K. S. (1997). The Phosphorylation State of Translation Initiation Factors Is Regulated Developmentally and following Heat Shock in Wheat. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272(2), 1046-1053. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.2.1046Gingras, A. C., Svitkin, Y., Belsham, G. J., Pause, A., & Sonenberg, N. (1996). Activation of the translational suppressor 4E-BP1 following infection with encephalomyocarditis virus and poliovirus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(11), 5578-5583. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.11.5578Gingras, A.-C., & Sonenberg, N. (1997). Adenovirus Infection Inactivates the Translational Inhibitors 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2. Virology, 237(1), 182-186. doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8757Freire, M. A. (2005). Translation initiation factor (iso) 4E interacts with BTF3, the β subunit of the nascent polypeptide-associated complex. Gene, 345(2), 271-277. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.11.030Freire, M. A., Tourneur, C., Granier, F., Camonis, J., El Amrani, A., Browning, K. S., & Robaglia, C. (2000). Plant Molecular Biology, 44(2), 129-140. doi:10.1023/a:1006494628892Dreher, T. W., & Miller, W. A. (2006). Translational control in positive strand RNA plant viruses. Virology, 344(1), 185-197. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.031Thivierge, K., Nicaise, V., Dufresne, P. J., Cotton, S., Laliberté, J.-F., Le Gall, O., & Fortin, M. G. (2005). Plant Virus RNAs. Coordinated Recruitment of Conserved Host Functions by (+) ssRNA Viruses during Early Infection Events: Figure 1. Plant Physiology, 138(4), 1822-1827. doi:10.1104/pp.105.064105Deprost, D., Yao, L., Sormani, R., Moreau, M., Leterreux, G., Nicolaï, M., … Meyer, C. (2007). The Arabidopsis TOR kinase links plant growth, yield, stress resistance and mRNA translation. EMBO reports, 8(9), 864-870. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7401043Manjunath, S., Williams, A. J., & Bailey-Serres, J. (1999). Oxygen deprivation stimulates Ca2+-mediated phosphorylation of mRNA cap-binding protein eIF4E in maize roots. The Plant Journal, 19(1), 21-30. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00489.xRausell, A., Kanhonou, R., Yenush, L., Serrano, R., & Ros, R. (2003). The translation initiation factor eIF1A is an important determinant in the tolerance to NaCl stress in yeast and plants. The Plant Journal, 34(3), 257-267. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01719.xSanan-Mishra, N., Pham, X. H., Sopory, S. K., & Tuteja, N. (2005). Pea DNA helicase 45 overexpression in tobacco confers high salinity tolerance without affecting yield. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(2), 509-514. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406485102Kim, T.-H., Kim, B.-H., Yahalom, A., Chamovitz, D. A., & von Arnim, A. G. (2004). Translational Regulation via 5′ mRNA Leader Sequences Revealed by Mutational Analysis of the Arabidopsis Translation Initiation Factor Subunit eIF3h. The Plant Cell, 16(12), 3341-3356. doi:10.1105/tpc.104.026880Schepetilnikov, M., Kobayashi, K., Geldreich, A., Caranta, C., Robaglia, C., Keller, M., & Ryabova, L. A. (2011). Viral factor TAV recruits TOR/S6K1 signalling to activate reinitiation after long ORF translation. 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