Caractérisation des ligands de C1q impliqués dans la reconnaissance des cellules apoptotiques

Apoptotic cell clearance is critical for maintenance of tissue homeostasis and to control the immune responses mediated by phagocytes. Little is known about the molecules that contribute “ eat-me “signals on the apoptotic cell surface. C1q, the recognition subunit of the C1 complex of complement, also senses altered structure from self and is a major actor of immune tolerance. The purpose of this work was to identify signals newly exposed during apoptosis, responsible for C1q binding. First, using surface plasmon resonance, C1q binding was shown to occur at early stages of apoptosis and to involve recognition of cell membrane component. Second, the use of different approaches (cell biology, biochemistry, structural biology), allowed to identify phosphatidylserin and DNA deoxyribose as C1q targets on apoptotic cells surface. Finally, respective involvement during apoptosis of proteins known to interact with C1q (CRT and p33) was specified. Given the versatile recognition properties of C1q, this molecule would have the unique ability to sense different markers which collectively would provide strong signals, thereby allowing efficient apoptotic cells removal.L'élimination des cellules apoptotiques est un évènement critique pour le maintien de l'homéostasie tissulaire et pour le contrôle des réponses immunes orchestrées par les phagocytes. A l'heure actuelle, les acteurs et en particulier les signaux « eat-me » impliqués ne sont pas encore entièrement caractérisés. C1q, élément de reconnaissance du complément, participe à la reconnaissance des structures altérées du soi et est un acteur majeur de la tolérance immune. Le travail a porté sur l'identification des signaux exposés au cours de l'apoptose et responsables de la fixation de C1q. Dans un premier temps, l'utilisation de la résonance plasmonique de surface a permis de montrer que C1q se fixe de façon précoce après induction de l'apoptose et que cette reconnaissance implique un composant membranaire. Dans un deuxième temps, différentes approches (biologie cellulaire, biochimie et biologie structurale) ont permis d'identifier la phosphatidylsérine et le désoxyribose de l'ADN comme cibles de C1q à la surface des cellules apoptotiques. Enfin, le rôle respectif au cours de l'apoptose de partenaires connus de C1q (calréticuline et p33) a été précisé. Etant donné la versatilité des propriétés de reconnaissance de C1q, cette molécule aurait donc la capacité originale de détecter et de collecter différents signaux, qui pris ensemble fourniraient un signal fort permettant l'élimination efficace des cellules apoptotiques

Probiotic VSL#3-induced TGF-β ameliorates food allergy inflammation in a mouse model of peanut sensitization through the induction of regulatory T cells in the gut mucosa.

SCOPE: Among food allergies, peanut allergy is frequently associated with severe anaphylactic reactions. In the need for safe and effective therapeutic strategies, probiotics may be considered on the basis of their immunomodulatory properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the immunological mediators involved in the effects of probiotic VSL#3 oral supplementation on Th2 inflammation and anaphylaxis in a mouse model of peanut allergy. METHODS AND RESULTS: VSL#3 supplementation to peanut-sensitized mice was effective in ameliorating anaphylaxis and Th2-mediated inflammation, by promoting regulatory responses in the jejunum mucosa and in the mesenteric lymph node, as evaluated by ELISA, real-time PCR, histologic, and immunohistochemical analysis. Probiotic-induced TGF-β mediates its protective effects through the induction of regulatory T cells expressing FOXP3 and/or latency-associated peptide, as proven by in vivo blockade of TGF-β in VSL#3-treated mice with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody one day before challenge. CONCLUSION: TGF-β, induced in the gut by VSL#3 supplementation, is capable of reducing the Th2 inflammation associated with food anaphylaxis in a mouse model of peanut sensitization. TGF-β acts through the induction/maintenance of regulatory T cells expressing FOXP3 and/or latency-associated peptide. Probiotics supplementation may represent an effective and safe strategy for treating food allergies in adult population

A context-dependent role for αv integrins in regulatory T cell accumulation at sites of inflammation

Several inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease have been associated with dysfunctional and/or reduced numbers of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg). While numerous mechanisms of action have been discovered by which Treg can exert their function, disease-specific Treg requirements remain largely unknown. We found that the integrin αv, which can pair with several β subunits including β8, is highly upregulated in Treg at sites of inflammation. Using mice that lacked αv expression or β8 expression specifically in Treg, we demonstrate that there was no deficit in Treg accumulation in the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and no difference in the resolution of disease compared to control mice. In contrast, during a curative T cell transfer model of colitis, Treg lacking all αv integrins were found at reduced proportions and numbers in the inflamed gut. This led to a quantitative impairment in the ability of αv-deficient Treg to reverse disease when Treg numbers in the inflamed colon were below a threshold. Increase of the number of curative Treg injected was able to rescue this phenotype, indicating that αv integrins were not required for the immunosuppressive function of Treg per se. In accordance with this, αv deficiency did not impact on the capacity of Treg to suppress proliferation of naive conventional T cells in vitro as well as in vivo. These observations demonstrate that despite the general upregulation of αv integrins in Treg at sites of inflammation, they are relevant for adequate Treg accumulation only in specific disease settings. The understanding of disease-specific mechanisms of action by Treg has clear implications for Treg-targeted therapies

X-Ray Structure of the Human Calreticulin Globular Domain Reveals a Peptide-Binding Area and Suggests a Multi-Molecular Mechanism

In the endoplasmic reticulum, calreticulin acts as a chaperone and a Ca2+-signalling protein. At the cell surface, it mediates numerous important biological effects. The crystal structure of the human calreticulin globular domain was solved at 1.55 Å resolution. Interactions of the flexible N-terminal extension with the edge of the lectin site are consistently observed, revealing a hitherto unidentified peptide-binding site. A calreticulin molecular zipper, observed in all crystal lattices, could further extend this site by creating a binding cavity lined by hydrophobic residues. These data thus provide a first structural insight into the lectin-independent binding properties of calreticulin and suggest new working hypotheses, including that of a multi-molecular mechanism

Preferential Expression of Integrin αvβ8 Promotes Generation of Regulatory T Cells by Mouse CD103⁺Dendritic Cells

BACKGROUND and AIMS: Immune responses in the intestine are controlled by regulatory T cells (Tregs), which prevent inflammation in response to commensal bacteria. A specific population of intestinal dendritic cells (DCs), marked by expression of CD103, generate Tregs more efficiently than other DC populations through mechanisms that involve retinoic acid and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. However, it is not clear how CD103(+) DCs are specialized for this function. We investigated the ability of CD103(+) DCs to promote Treg generation through activation of TGF-β and the role of integrins with the αv subunit in this process. METHODS: Naïve T cells were cultured with purified DCs from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) or intestines of wild-type and αv conditional knockout mice to assess generation of Tregs. Antigens were administered orally to mice, and antigen-specific generation of Tregs was measured in intestinal tissues. Expression of the integrin αv subunit was measured in purified subpopulations of DCs by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses. RESULTS: In vitro, CD103(+) DCs generated more Tregs in the presence of latent TGF-β than other MLN DCs. Efficient generation of Tregs required expression of the integrin αv subunit by DCs; mice that lacked αv in immune cells did not convert naïve T cells to intestinal Tregs in response to oral antigen. CD103(+) DCs derived from the MLNs selectively expressed high levels of integrin αvβ8 compared with other populations of DCs. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of αvβ8 is required for CD103(+) DCs to become specialized and activate latent TGF-β and generate Tregs during the induction of tolerance to intestinal antigens in mice

The “Phagocytic Synapse” and Clearance of Apoptotic Cells

Apoptosis and subsequent phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells is important for embryonic development, maintenance of tissues that require regular cellular renewal and innate immunity. The timely removal of apoptotic cells prevents progression to secondary necrosis and release of cellular contents, preventing cellular stress and inflammation. In addition, altered phagocyte behavior following apoptotic cell contact and phagocytosis engages an anti-inflammatory phenotype, which impacts upon development and progression of inflammatory and immune responses. Defective apoptotic cell clearance underlies the development of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. There is considerable functional redundancy in the receptors that mediate apoptotic cell clearance, highlighting the importance of this process in diverse physiological processes. A single phagocyte may utilize multiple receptor pathways for the efficient capture of apoptotic cells by phagocytes (tethering) and the subsequent initiation of signaling events necessary for internalization. In this review, we will consider the surface alterations and molecular opsonization events associated with apoptosis that may represent a tunable signal that confers distinct intracellular signaling events and hence specific phagocyte responses in a context-dependent manner. Efficient molecular communication between phagocytes and apoptotic targets may require cooperative receptor utilization and the establishment of efferocytic synapse, which acts to stabilize adhesive interactions and facilitate the organization of signaling platforms that are necessary for controlling phagocyte responses