Étude du vocabulaire traitant d'un fait d'actualité internationale : cas du dossier nucléaire iranien dans la presse écrite québécoise et française

Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, nous nous sommes intéressée au vocabulaire utilisé par la presse francophone, à savoir française et québécoise, lorsqu'elle traite d'un fait d'actualité internationale. L'objectif de la présente étude exploratoire est de vérifier si l'information diffusée par la presse écrite quotidienne au Québec, concernant le dossier nucléaire iranien, est différente de celle diffusée par la presse écrite quotidienne française. Cette vérification a été faite à partir d'un corpus de textes publiés par deux quotidiens québécois, La Presse et Le Devoir, et deux quotidiens français, Le Monde et Le Figaro. Le but de notre recherche était de procéder à l'analyse du vocabulaire employé par ces quatre quotidiens lorsqu'ils diffusent l'information touchant le dossier nucléaire iranien. Nous nous sommes intéressée à la sélection et à la distribution des mots-clés composant le discours de ces quotidiens diffusés au Québec et en France. Nous avions posé l'hypothèse suivante : l'information internationale diffusée au public québécois est différente de celle diffusée en France, et cette différence est perceptible par le vocabulaire employé. Pour considérer cette question de recherche, nous avons constitué un corpus composé de tous les articles publiés par deux quotidiens français, Le Figaro et Le Monde, et par deux quotidiens québécois, La Presse et Le Devoir traitant du dossier nucléaire iranien, entre le 14 et le 31 janvier 2006. Ces articles ont été soumis à une analyse statistique textuelle effectuée à l'aide du logiciel Alceste. Le vocabulaire employé pour la diffusion des informations touchant le dossier nucléaire iranien s'est avéré différent dans les quotidiens français et québécois. Ces différences sont effectivement perceptibles par le degré d'importance donnée aux mots constituant ce vocabulaire et par leur distribution dans les textes de chaque quotidien étudié. Notre étude se distingue des démarches d'analyse dans lesquelles la subjectivité du chercheur n'est pas suffisamment contrôlée aux endroits névralgiques du processus de recherche. Grâce à l'analyse statistique des données textuelles appliquée à notre corpus, nous sommes en mesure d'appuyer notre interprétation des textes sur des données factuelles. L'étude de la distribution des formes (mots) dans les textes nous a permis de retracer puis de décrire les différentes tendances inscrites dans un corpus traitant d'un même fait d'actualité. En d'autres termes, cette étude de la distribution des formes nous a permis de mettre en évidence des sous thèmes, des dimensions, des pôles du discours, des tendances préférentielles dans le traitement de la même information. Ainsi, Le Figaro s'est intéressé davantage au volet économique et militaire du dossier iranien; La Presse, à la proposition russe d'enrichir l'uranium iranien sur son propre sol et à l'aspect technique et scientifique de la technologie nucléaire; Le Devoir, aux efforts diplomatiques et à la technologie nucléaire, et enfin, Le Monde, qui s'est particulièrement intéressé au discours de Chirac et à l'inflexion de la doctrine de dissuasion française, a pu rendre compte de toutes les facettes du sujet. Notre hypothèse se confirme donc : l'information, concernant le dossier nucléaire iranien, diffusée au public québécois est différente de celle diffusée en France, et cette différence est perceptible par le vocabulaire employé

Penetrate wound of the urinary bladder and rectum

U uvodu je dat prikaz incidencije, mehanizma povrede, patološkog supstrata, simptomatologije, kao i prikaz dijagnostičkih metoda i terapeutskih postupaka kod perforativnih povreda mokraćnog mjehura. Govori se također o prognozi i kasnim posljedicama. Na odjelu za urologiju u Vinkovcima, u proteklih 15 godina, operirano je 11 zatvorenih povreda mokraćnog mjehura i 1 prostrijelna povreda mokraćnog mjehura i rektuma. Prikazan je bolesnik sa strijelnom povredom mokraćnog mjehura i rektuma kao raritet u mirnodopskim uvjetima. Istaknuta je uspješna suradnja kirurškog i urološkog operativnog tima u zbrinjavanju povrede mokraćnog mjehura i rektuma. Opisan je suprapubični pristup radi zbrinjavanja prednje i stažnje stijenke mokraćnog mjehura i prednje stijenke rektuma, kao i sakralni pristup sa ekstirpacijom trtične kost i radi evakuacije stranog tijela (metak) i zbrinjavanja stražnje stijenke rektuma. Šest mjeseci nakon opsežnog operativnog zahvata, rezultirala je litijaza mokraćnog mjehura kao kasna komplikacija. U kasnijem toku bolesnik nije imao mikcionih i drugih tegoba.A review of frequency, matter of traumatism, pathologic substrats and a review of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in perforative lesions of the urinary bladder are given. The prognosis and further complications are also discussed. A patient with a gunshot wound of the urinary bladder and rectum is presented as a rare case in the peace-time situations. The good correlation within surgical and urologic teams in sanation of the perforative lesion of the urinary bladder and rectum is stressed. Suprapubic exposure for the operative procedure on the bladder and the anteror wall of the rectum is presented as well as the sacral view with excision of the coccygis for the posterior rectum wall and the extirpation of the metall foreign body. Six months after the major surgery has been performed a calculosis of the urinary bladder is diagnosed as a late complication. After sanation of this lesi on the patient has been quite well

A comparison of univariate, vector, bilinear autoregressive, and band power features for brain–computer interfaces

Selecting suitable feature types is crucial to obtain good overall brain–computer interface performance. Popular feature types include logarithmic band power (logBP), autoregressive (AR) parameters, time-domain parameters, and wavelet-based methods. In this study, we focused on different variants of AR models and compare performance with logBP features. In particular, we analyzed univariate, vector, and bilinear AR models. We used four-class motor imagery data from nine healthy users over two sessions. We used the first session to optimize parameters such as model order and frequency bands. We then evaluated optimized feature extraction methods on the unseen second session. We found that band power yields significantly higher classification accuracies than AR methods. However, we did not update the bias of the classifiers for the second session in our analysis procedure. When updating the bias at the beginning of a new session, we found no significant differences between all methods anymore. Furthermore, our results indicate that subject-specific optimization is not better than globally optimized parameters. The comparison within the AR methods showed that the vector model is significantly better than both univariate and bilinear variants. Finally, adding the prediction error variance to the feature space significantly improved classification results

Steering a Tractor by Means of an EMG-Based Human-Machine Interface

An electromiographic (EMG)-based human-machine interface (HMI) is a communication pathway between a human and a machine that operates by means of the acquisition and processing of EMG signals. This article explores the use of EMG-based HMIs in the steering of farm tractors. An EPOC, a low-cost human-computer interface (HCI) from the Emotiv Company, was employed. This device, by means of 14 saline sensors, measures and processes EMG and electroencephalographic (EEG) signals from the scalp of the driver. In our tests, the HMI took into account only the detection of four trained muscular events on the driver’s scalp: eyes looking to the right and jaw opened, eyes looking to the right and jaw closed, eyes looking to the left and jaw opened, and eyes looking to the left and jaw closed. The EMG-based HMI guidance was compared with manual guidance and with autonomous GPS guidance. A driver tested these three guidance systems along three different trajectories: a straight line, a step, and a circumference. The accuracy of the EMG-based HMI guidance was lower than the accuracy obtained by manual guidance, which was lower in turn than the accuracy obtained by the autonomous GPS guidance; the computed standard deviations of error to the desired trajectory in the straight line were 16 cm, 9 cm, and 4 cm, respectively. Since the standard deviation between the manual guidance and the EMG-based HMI guidance differed only 7 cm, and this difference is not relevant in agricultural steering, it can be concluded that it is possible to steer a tractor by an EMG-based HMI with almost the same accuracy as with manual steering

DEFINITION AND APPLICATION OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES IN MANAGEMENT OF ENTERPRISES

Zadatak rada je definirati računovodstvene politike i prikazati njihovu primjenu u poslovanju poduzeća. Prikazana je povijest nastanka računovodstvenih politika. Njihov temelj su računovodstveni standardi koji pojašnjavaju i propisuju metode obrade poslovnih događaja i financijskih izvještaja. Predstavljeni su usvojeni Međunarodni računovodstveni standardi koji su temelj za nastanak Međunarodnih standarda financijskog izvještavanja i Hrvatskih standarda financijskog izvještavanja. Oni koji su bitni za poslovanje poduzeća su opisani i prikazana je njihova važnost za računovodstvene politike. Nakon što poduzeće usvoji računovodstvene politike, sastavlja kontni plan prema kojem se knjiže knjigovodstvene isprave. Kontni plan se sastoji od deset razreda. Podaci na kontima prate poslovanje poduzeća u jednoj kalendarskoj godini i zajedno čine bilancu. Na osnovu podataka iz bilance izrađuju se financijska izvješća koja prate uspješnost poslovanja i financijsko stanje poslovanja poduzeća. Da bi izvješća bila ispravna moraju zadovoljiti pojedina obilježja koja su opisana u radu. Najopsežniji financijski izvještaji koji prikazuju poslovanje poduzeća su bilanca i račun dobiti i gubitka. Primjer tih izvješća će se prikazati za odabrano poduzeće Charvat d.o.o. Daruvar za 2014. godinu. U nastavku se prikazuju računovodstvene politike na osnovu financijskih izvješća Charvat d.o.o. Daruvar i prikazuje se kako na osnovu usvojenih računovodstvenih politika su prikazani pojedini poslovni događaji. Uprava koja usvaja računovodstvene politike ima mogućnost promijeniti iste ako zadovoljavaju uvjetima za promjenu. Promjenu treba objavi u financijskih izvještajima. S promjenom računovodstvenih politika poduzeće mijenja metode obrade poslovnih događaja. Svaka promjena metode obračuna prati i financijsku promjenu u bilanci. Krajnji rezultat je financijska promjena izvještaja i utjecaj na promjenu dobiti poduzeća. U radu se na temelju podataka iz financijskih izvještaja poduzeća Charvat d.o.o. prikazuju promjene računovodstThe task is to define the accounting policies and to show their application in business enterprises. The history of formation of accounting policy was shown. They are based on the accounting standards that explains and prescribes methods of processing of business process and financial statements. Here were presented adopted international accounting standards, which are the base for the development of International Financial Reporting Standards and Croatian Financial Reporting Standards. Those who are essential to the company's business are described and their importance in accounting policies was stated. After the company adopts accounting policies, compiles a chart of accounts, according to which are recorded bookkeeping documents. The chart of accounts consists of ten grades. Dana accounts following the company's business in a calendar year and together make up the balance. Based on the balance sheet are produced financial statements that accompany the performance and financial position of the business. To report correctly they must meet certain characteristics that are described in the work. The most comprehensive financial statements showing the company's business presented to selected company Charvat d.o.o. Daruvar for 2014. The following will apply accounting policies based on the financial statements Charvat d.o.o. Daruvar and shows the individual business process accounting to the adopted accounting policies. A company management which adopt accounting policies has the ability to change them if they fulfill certain conditions for change. Any change should be published in the financial statements. With the change in accounting policy the company changed the methods of processing business events. Any change in calculation method follows the change in the financial balance sheet. The end result is a change in the financial statements and the impact oft he change of company profits. Based on data from the financial statements of companies Charvat d.o.o. we will apply a change in accounting policy on more business processes and compare the results

Autism Spectrum Disorders and Diet

Poremećaji autističnog spektra (PAS) su neurorazvojni poremećaji čiji se simptomi očituju već u fetalnom razdoblju i prisutni su tijekom cijeloga života. Karakteriziraju ih narušene socijalne i komunikacijske sposobnosti kao i ograničeni, ponavljajući interesi i ponašanja. Epidemiološke studije pokazuju da učestalost PAS-a raste te da je ključna rana dijagnoza kako bi se brzo poboljšala kvaliteta života. Smatra se da su genetski i okolišni čimbenici uključeni u razvoj PAS-a, no točna etiologija nije razjašnjena. Veliki je broj hipoteza o nastanku PAS-a, od metaboličkih nepravilnosti, alergija na hranu te promjene u crijevnoj mikroflori. Također je od velikog značaja i trudnoća, zbog metaboličkih poremećaja prije i tijekom trudnoće, neuravnotežena prehrane majki prije začeća te povećane učestalosti infekcija u razdoblju trudnoće. Određeni simptomi koji se javljaju kod svih oblika PAS-a uključuju gastrointestinalne poremećaje, uključujući povećanu propusnost crijevne sluznice. Najčešće alergije na hranu koje se dovode u vezu s PAS-om su alergije na gluten, kazein i laktozu te zbog toga često kod PAS-a primjenjuju restriktivne dijete, koje za sobom nose cijeli niz rizika od nutritivnih deficit. S druge strane, preporučuje se suplementacija vitaminima i mineralima, prehrana bogata proteinima i probioticima. Unatoč velikom broju provedenih istraživanja, dostupni dokazi ne govore u potpunosti u prilog niti jednom konkretnom dijetetičkom pristupu. Jedan od mogućih razloga je upravo kompleksnost i raznolikost simptoma koji se javljaju kod osoba s PAS-a.Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders whose symptoms manifest as early as the fetal period and are visible throughout a person’s lifetime. ASDs are characterized by impaired social and communication skills as well as limited, repetitive interests and behaviors. Epidemiological studies show that the incidence of ASD is increasing and early diagnosis is crucial because it allows a faster improvement in a person’s quality of life. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of ASD, but the exact ethology is still unclear. There is a number of hypotheses about the origin of ASD, from metabolic abnormalities, food allergies to changes in the microbiome. Pregnancy is also of great importance, due to metabolic disorders before and during pregnancy, unbalanced diet of mothers before conception and increased frequency of infections during pregnancy. Certain symptoms that occur in all forms of ASD include gastrointestinal disorders, leaky gut syndrome included. The most common food allergies which seem to correlate with ADS include gluten, casein and lactose, which is why many ASD patients are put on restrictive diets. These diets pose a number of nutritional deficiencies risks. On the other hand, supplementation with vitamins and minerals, diet rich in proteins and probiotics are recommended for ASD. Despite large number of studies, currently available evidence do not fully support any of the specific dietary approach. One possible reason is the complexity and variety of symptoms that occur in people with ASD

Application of Computer Vision for Determining Melting Properties of Ice Cream

Budući da je sladoled unutar kategorije smrznutih mliječnih deserata proizvod koji se najviše konzumira, cilj je dobiti što kvalitetniji proizvod. Topljivost sladoleda je njegova vrlo bitna karakteristika te se najčešće kao pokazatelj određuje brzina topljenja. U ovom radu je za analizu svojstava topljenja korišteno sedam različitih uzoraka sladoleda sa i bez dodataka. Uz gravimetrijsku metodu za određivanje svojstava topljivosti primijenjene su i relativno novije metode računalne analize slike, pomoću kojih se određuju svojstva zadržavanja oblika odnosno svojstva širenja sladoleda. Rezultati dobiveni trima različitim metodama su uspoređeni kako bi se dobio uvid u podudarnost metoda. Mliječni sladoled bez dodataka pokazuje svojstva bržeg početka topljenja i veće brzine topljenja, u usporedbi sa ostalim uzorcima. Najdulje zadržavanje oblika sladoleda tijekom topljenja zabilježeno je kod uzoraka s najvišim udjelom dodataka, dok je trend najbržeg širenja otopljenog sladoleda primijećen kod uzoraka bez ili s manjim udjelom dodataka. Podaci za topljenje sladoleda primjenom računalne analize slike pokazuju vrlo dobro slaganje s rezultatima dobivenim gravimetrijskom metodom, što ukazuje na to da je moguća primjena ove metode u ispitivanju svojstava topljenja sladoleda.Since ice cream is the most consumed product within the category of frozen dairy desserts, the goal is to get the highest quality product. The melting of ice cream is its very important characteristic, and the rate of melting is usually determined as an indicator. In this study, seven different samples of ice cream with or without supplementation were used to analyse the melting properties. In addition to the gravimetric method for determining melting properties, relatively newer methods of computer vision analysis were applied, which determine the retention of the shape and the spreading of melted ice cream. The results obtained by three different methods were compared in order to gain a better insight into the concordance of the methods. Milk ice cream without the addition showed the fastest start of melting, and a higher melting rate, compared to the other samples. The longest retention of the ice cream shape during melting was recorded for samples with the highest content of spices, while the trend of the fastest spread of melted ice cream was observed in samples with no or lower spices content. Ice cream melting data using computer vision analysis show a very good agreement with the results obtained by the gravimetric method, which indicates that this method can be used to test the melting properties of ice cream

Application of Computer Vision for Determining Melting Properties of Ice Cream

Budući da je sladoled unutar kategorije smrznutih mliječnih deserata proizvod koji se najviše konzumira, cilj je dobiti što kvalitetniji proizvod. Topljivost sladoleda je njegova vrlo bitna karakteristika te se najčešće kao pokazatelj određuje brzina topljenja. U ovom radu je za analizu svojstava topljenja korišteno sedam različitih uzoraka sladoleda sa i bez dodataka. Uz gravimetrijsku metodu za određivanje svojstava topljivosti primijenjene su i relativno novije metode računalne analize slike, pomoću kojih se određuju svojstva zadržavanja oblika odnosno svojstva širenja sladoleda. Rezultati dobiveni trima različitim metodama su uspoređeni kako bi se dobio uvid u podudarnost metoda. Mliječni sladoled bez dodataka pokazuje svojstva bržeg početka topljenja i veće brzine topljenja, u usporedbi sa ostalim uzorcima. Najdulje zadržavanje oblika sladoleda tijekom topljenja zabilježeno je kod uzoraka s najvišim udjelom dodataka, dok je trend najbržeg širenja otopljenog sladoleda primijećen kod uzoraka bez ili s manjim udjelom dodataka. Podaci za topljenje sladoleda primjenom računalne analize slike pokazuju vrlo dobro slaganje s rezultatima dobivenim gravimetrijskom metodom, što ukazuje na to da je moguća primjena ove metode u ispitivanju svojstava topljenja sladoleda.Since ice cream is the most consumed product within the category of frozen dairy desserts, the goal is to get the highest quality product. The melting of ice cream is its very important characteristic, and the rate of melting is usually determined as an indicator. In this study, seven different samples of ice cream with or without supplementation were used to analyse the melting properties. In addition to the gravimetric method for determining melting properties, relatively newer methods of computer vision analysis were applied, which determine the retention of the shape and the spreading of melted ice cream. The results obtained by three different methods were compared in order to gain a better insight into the concordance of the methods. Milk ice cream without the addition showed the fastest start of melting, and a higher melting rate, compared to the other samples. The longest retention of the ice cream shape during melting was recorded for samples with the highest content of spices, while the trend of the fastest spread of melted ice cream was observed in samples with no or lower spices content. Ice cream melting data using computer vision analysis show a very good agreement with the results obtained by the gravimetric method, which indicates that this method can be used to test the melting properties of ice cream