The Application of LiDAR to Assessment of Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Deployment Potential in a Municipal District Unit

A methodology is provided for the application of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) to automated solar photovoltaic (PV) deployment analysis on the regional scale. Challenges in urban information extraction and management for solar PV deployment assessment are determined and quantitative solutions are offered. This paper provides the following contributions: (i) a methodology that is consistent with recommendations from existing literature advocating the integration of cross-disciplinary competences in remote sensing (RS), GIS, computer vision and urban environmental studies; (ii) a robust methodology that can work with low-resolution, incomprehensive data and reconstruct vegetation and building separately, but concurrently; (iii) recommendations for future generation of software. A case study is presented as an example of the methodology. Experience from the case study such as the trade-off between time consumption and data quality are discussed to highlight a need for connectivity between demographic information, electrical engineering schemes and GIS and a typical factor of solar useful roofs extracted per method. Finally, conclusions are developed to provide a final methodology to extract the most useful information from the lowest resolution and least comprehensive data to provide solar electric assessments over large areas, which can be adapted anywhere in the world

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Influence of fracture stability on early patient mortality and reoperation after Pertrochanteric and intertrochanteric hip fractures

ObjectivesTo determine the influence of fracture stability on early patient mortality and complications requiring reoperation after trochanteric hip fracture.DesignProspective consecutive cohort study.SettingThe orthopaedic unit of a public teaching hospital.ParticipantsSeven hundred twenty-eight patients with 743 consecutive stable (n = 446) pertrochanteric and unstable (n = 297) pertrochanteric or intertrochanteric fractures (median age: 84 years, 71% females) resulting from a low-impact injury and surgically managed. Mean follow-up of surviving patients was 4 years (range: 2-6 years).InterventionFracture fixation by dynamic hip screw extramedullary device or intramedullary nail (Austofix or Gamma3) based on surgeon preference.Main outcome measuresMortality within 6 and 12 months and surgical complications requiring device reoperation within 12 months of surgery (multivariate logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses).ResultsPatients with unstable fractures were at 1.61 times (95% confidence interval: 1.18-2.21, P = 0.003) and 1.37 times (95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.83, P = 0.037) greater odds of dying within 6 and 12 months, respectively, than those with stable fractures. Older age, male gender, higher American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, in residential care, and inpatient-reported medical complications were also independent risk factors for early mortality. Increasing fracture instability and fixation using the Austofix nail were associated with early device reoperation. Comparable results were reported for the dynamic hip screw and Gamma3 nail, although the Gamma3 nail may offer advantages for more complex unstable fractures.ConclusionsFracture instability influences early mortality after surgical fixation of trochanteric hip fracture. The Austofix double lag screw device had suboptimal results.Level of evidencePrognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.Mellick J. Chehade, Tania Carbone, Danny Awward, Anita Taylor, Corinna Wildenauer, Boopalan Ramasamy, and Margaret McGe