Uma Aplicação Didática do Protocolo I2C em Sistemas de Comunicação / A Didactic Application of the I2C Protocol in Communication Systems

A fim de ampliar os conceitos abordados sobre sistemas de comunicação, este trabalho abordará uma aplicação didática do protocolo I2C, utilizando como hardware as placas Arduino e Raspberry Pi 3. Além disso, também serão implementados os métodos de detecção de erros checksum e CRC, bem como uma análise estatística dos resultados obtidos

O bioma pampa no projeto pedagógico de um curso de licenciatura em ciências da natureza no rio grande do sul

Brazilian ecosystems are a topic that must be present in school curricula. The curriculum is an integral part of formal education, constituting its fundamental function in knowledge systematization, and must be present in basic and higher education. It is essential to analyze the curricula dynamics that constitute the higher education courses for teachers. In consequence, this study investigates an approach of the Pampa Biome, an ecosystem considered neglected, as a possible contextualization and interdisciplinarity strategy for Science Education in the degree course in Natural Sciences at the Federal University of Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana. This is research based on a qualitative case study. The methodology is on the documental analysis of the Pedagogical Project of the respective course, through an analytical matrix composed of questions to which the document must be able to answer. As main results, we found that, despite mentioning the Pampa Biome in the commentaries, the document does not provide a theoretical framework and support that justifies its mentions as thematic in the context in which they are applied. Thus, it is necessary to update the Pedagogical Project and include the Pampa Biome as a contextualization theme for education.Los ecosistemas brasileños son un tema importante, que debe estar presente en los currículos escolares. El currículo es una parte integral de la educación formal, constituyendo su función fundamental en la sistematización del conocimiento lo que exige su presencia en la educación básica y superior. Entendiendo la necesidad de analizar la dinámica de los planes de estudio que conforman los cursos de educación superior para docentes, este estudio se dedicó a investigar el abordaje del Bioma Pampa, un ecosistema considerado descuidado, como posible contextualización y estrategia interdisciplinaria para la Educación Científica en la carrera de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Federal de Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana. La investigación se caracteriza por ser un caso de estudio cualitativo, cuyo proceso metodológico se basa en el análisis documental del Proyecto Pedagógico del respectivo curso, a través de una matriz analítica compuesta por preguntas a las que el documento debería dar respuesta. Como principales resultados se encontró que, a pesar de mencionar el Bioma Pampa en los comentarios, el documento no brinda un marco teórico y sustento que justifiquen sus menciones como temáticas en el contexto en el que se aplican. Por ello, es necesario actualizar el Proyecto Pedagógico del Curso e incluir el Bioma Pampa como tema de contextualización para la docencia.Os ecossistemas brasileiros são uma importante temática que deve estar presente nos currículos escolares. O currículo é uma das partes integrantes da educação formal, constituindo sua função fundamental na sistematização dos conhecimentos, devendo estar presentes no ensino básico e superior. Entendendo a necessidade de analisar a dinâmica dos currículos que constituem os cursos superiores formadores de professores, o presente estudo dedicou-se a investigar a abordagem do Bioma Pampa, um ecossistema considerado negligenciado, como uma possível estratégia de contextualização e interdisciplinaridade para o Ensino de Ciências no curso de Licenciatura em Ciências da Natureza da Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana. A pesquisa se caracteriza como um estudo de caso, de cunho qualitativo, estando o processo metodológico baseado na análise documental do Projeto Pedagógico do respectivo curso, através de uma matriz analítica composta por perguntas às quais o documento deve ser capaz de responder. Como principais resultados constatou-se que, apesar de mencionar o Bioma Pampa nos ementários, o documento não fornece referencial teórico e aporte que fundamente as suas menções como temática no contexto em que estão aplicadas. Desta forma, faz-se necessária a atualização do Projeto Pedagógico do Curso e a inclusão do Bioma Pampa como temática de contextualização para o ensino

Características epidemiológicas de pacientes com Sepse e choque séptico

A sepse ocorre quando o sistema imunitário reage radicalmente a uma infecção. Febre alta, dificuldade respiratória, ritmo cardíaco acelerado e confusão são os principais sintomas. Para a prevenção de complicações que põem em risco a vida, é fundamental a atenção médica imediata. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar características epidemiológicas de pacientes com sepse e choque séptico. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa de literatura, utilizando-se LILACS e Medline como bases de pesquisa. A partir da análise qualitativa dos dados, concluiu-se que os principais fatores epidemiológicos se referem ao diagnóstico de sepse, o qual pode ser de difícil execução, realizado com atraso, de modo incorreto ou superdiagnosticado, e a inobservância das recomendações (práticas de enfermagem) para os cuidados com a sepse. Esses fatores contribuem para o agravamento da sepse, o atendimento de pacientes em unidades de terapia intensiva e o aumento dos níveis de mortalidade

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

The biogeography of the Amazonian tree flora

We describe the geographical variation in tree species composition across Amazonian forests and show how environmental conditions are associated with species turnover. Our analyses are based on 2023 forest inventory plots (1 ha) that provide abundance data for a total of 5188 tree species. Withinplot species composition reflected both local environmental conditions (especially soil nutrients and hydrology) and geographical regions. A broader-scale view of species turnover was obtained by interpolating the relative tree species abundances over Amazonia into 47,441 0.1-degree grid cells. Two main dimensions of spatial change in tree species composition were identified. The first was a gradient between western Amazonia at the Andean forelands (with young geology and relatively nutrient-rich soils) and central–eastern Amazonia associated with the Guiana and Brazilian Shields (with more ancient geology and poor soils). The second gradient was between the wet forests of the northwest and the drier forests in southern Amazonia. Isolines linking cells of similar composition crossed major Amazonian rivers, suggesting that tree species distributions are not limited by rivers. Even though some areas of relatively sharp species turnover were identified, mostly the tree species composition changed gradually over large extents, which does not support delimiting clear discrete biogeographic regions within Amazonia

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016