EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2013 . Scientific opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fluoride

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derived Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for fluoride, which are provided as Adequate Intake (AI) from all sources, including non-dietary sources. Fluoride is not an essential nutrient. Therefore, no Average Requirement for the performance of essential physiological functions can be defined. Nevertheless, the Panel considered that the setting of an AI is appropriate because of the beneficial effects of dietary fluoride on prevention of dental caries. The AI is based on epidemiological studies (performed before the 1970s) showing an inverse relationship between the fluoride concentration of water and caries prevalence. As the basis for defining the AI, estimates of mean fluoride intakes of children via diet and drinking water with fluoride concentrations at which the caries preventive effect approached its maximum whilst the risk of dental fluorosis approached its minimum were chosen. Except for one confirmatory longitudinal study in US children, more recent studies were not taken into account as they did not provide information on total dietary fluoride intake, were potentially confounded by the use of fluoride-containing dental hygiene products, and did not permit a conclusion to be drawn on a dose-response relationship between fluoride intake and caries risk. The AI of fluoride from all sources (including non-dietary sources) is 0.05 mg/kg body weight per day for both children and adults, including pregnant and lactating women. For pregnant and lactating women, the AI is based on the body weight before pregnancy and lactation. Reliable and representative data on the total fluoride intake of the European population are not available

Multidisciplinary and participatory workshops with stakeholders in a community of extreme poverty in the Peruvian Amazon: Development of priority concerns and potential health, nutrition and education interventions

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Communities of extreme poverty suffer disproportionately from a wide range of adverse outcomes, but are often neglected or underserved by organized services and research attention. In order to target the first Millennium Development Goal of eradicating extreme poverty, thereby reducing health inequalities, participatory research in these communities is needed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the priority problems and respective potential cost-effective interventions in Belen, a community of extreme poverty in the Peruvian Amazon, using a multidisciplinary and participatory focus.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Two multidisciplinary and participatory workshops were conducted with important stakeholders from government, non-government and community organizations, national institutes and academic institutions. In Workshop 1, participants prioritized the main health and health-related problems in the community of Belen. Problem trees were developed to show perceived causes and effects for the top six problems. In Workshop 2, following presentations describing data from recently completed field research in school and household populations of Belen, participants listed potential interventions for the priority problems, including associated barriers, enabling factors, costs and benefits.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The top ten priority problems in Belen were identified as: 1) infant malnutrition; 2) adolescent pregnancy; 3) diarrhoea; 4) anaemia; 5) parasites; 6) lack of basic sanitation; 7) low level of education; 8) sexually transmitted diseases; 9) domestic violence; and 10) delayed school entry. Causes and effects for the top six problems, proposed interventions, and factors relating to the implementation of interventions were multidisciplinary in nature and included health, nutrition, education, social and environmental issues.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The two workshops provided valuable insight into the main health and health-related problems facing the community of Belen. The participatory focus of the workshops ensured the active involvement of important stakeholders from Belen. Based on the results of the workshops, effective and essential interventions are now being planned which will contribute to reducing health inequalities in the community.</p

Inter-American Press Award 1993:environment, development and agriculture, in the framework of agenda 21.

Contiene ilustraciones.En estos brochures se establecen los objetivos del premio interamericano de prensa IICA/FIDA/GTZ 1993

Fondo de Acceso Sostenible a Energía Renovable y a Tecnologías eficientes (FASERTe) Bolivia: documento base

El Fondo de Acceso Sostenible a Energía Renovable y Tecnologías eficientes, abreviado como FASERTe, tiene como objetivo general " Dinamizar el acceso a tecnologías de energías renovables y de eficiencia energética (TERe), a través de la creación del Fondo de Acceso Sostenible a Energía Renovable y Tecnologías eficientes (FASERTe) con especial énfasis en mujeres y jóvenes, contribuyendo a la mitigación de los efectos del cambio climático en Bolivia”. Asimismo, se proponen dos objetivos específicos: _Fortalecer las capacidades técnicas de la oferta y la demanda para acceder a las TERe, para uso en hogares, infraestructura social / comunitaria y usos productivos. _Fortalecer la capacidad financiera de la oferta y la demanda para acceder a las TERe para uso en hogares, infraestructura social / comunitaria y usos productivos

EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2013 . Scientific O pinion on Dietary Reference Values for molybdenum

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derived Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for molybdenum. Molybdenum is efficiently and rapidly absorbed at a wide range of intakes, and the body is able to maintain homeostasis through the regulation of excretion via the urine. Molybdenum deficiency in otherwise healthy humans has not been observed and there are no biomarkers of molybdenum status. Various metabolic balance studies have been performed to establish molybdenum requirements. However, only one balance study, which was performed with a constant diet and under controlled conditions in adult men, was considered to be of sufficient duration. In this small study, balance was reported to be near zero when molybdenum intakes were 22 µg/day. Biochemical changes or symptoms suggestive of molybdenum deficiency were not observed, and it is possible that humans may be able to achieve molybdenum balance at even lower intakes. Data on molybdenum intakes and health outcomes were unavailable for the setting of DRVs for molybdenum. As the evidence required to derive an Average Requirement and a Population Reference Intake was considered insufficient, an Adequate Intake (AI) is proposed. Observed molybdenum intakes from mixed diets in Europe were taken into consideration in setting this value. An AI of 65 µg/day is proposed for adults; a figure that is based on molybdenum intakes at the lower end of the wide range of observed intakes. It is suggested that the adult AI also applies to pregnant and lactating women. An AI is also proposed for infants from seven months and for children based on extrapolation from the adult AI using isometric scaling and the reference body weights of the respective age groups

EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on principles for deriving and applying Dietary Reference Values

This Opinion of the EFSA Panel on Dietetic products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) deals with the general principles for development and application of Dietary Reference Values (DRVs). These quantitative reference values for nutrient intakes for healthy individuals and populations are based on health criteria. Derived from DRVs, nutrients goals and recommendations take into account other criteria such as food composition or dietary habits, and may be used for assessment and planning of diets. It is proposed to derive the following DRVs: 1) Population Reference Intakes (PRI), 2) Average Requirement (AR), 3) Lower Threshold Intake (LTI), 4) Adequate Intake (AI), 5) Reference Intake ranges for macronutrients (RI). Nutrient requirements differ with age, sex and physiological condition. The Panel proposes to define the age ranges used for each nutrient on a case-by-case basis depending on the available data. For the age group < 6 months requirements are considered to be equal to the supply from breast- milk, except in those cases where this does not apply. Separate reference values will be established for pregnant and lactating women. Interpolation or extrapolation between population groups will be used in instances where no data are available for defined age and sex groups

Informe de Desempeño del Sistema de Gestión de las Finanzas Públicas : Gobierno Regional de Huancavelica - Perú

l presente informe de evaluación de la Gestión de las Finanzas Públicas (GFP) del Gobierno Regional de Huancavelica (GRHVCA), elaborado con la metodología PEFA (Marco de Referencia para la medición del Gasto Público y la Rendición de Cuentas (Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability - PEFA).Auspiciado de manera conjunta por la Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH y la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID)

Ayuda Memoria Necesidades y soluciones para la imlementación de servicios energéticos en instituciones públicas y privadas Posibilidades para el FASERT

Presenta los principales hallazgos y resultados de los Talleres participativos, auspiciados por FASERT, a fin de conocer las necesidades de asistencia técnica y posibles soluciones que se vislumbran para el escalamiento de los programas sociales del sector público, desde la óptica los diversos actores involucrados

Dinamizando el mercado de energía renobable térmica para incrementar los ingresos y mejorar la calidad de vida de los pobladores del Perú

El material presenta algunas estadísticas para contextualizar la situación en Perú y sus logros en cuanto a los proyecto que encentivan la energía renovable, además de una breve introducción a intentificar la tecnología para generar fuente renobable térmica.Presents statistics to contextualize the situation in Peru and its achievements projects that encourage renewable energy, as well as a brief introduction to trying the technology to generate renewable thermal sources

Supporting local initiatives in the fight against desertification.

Este documento reflete o escopo do Projeto de Cooperação Técnica, que tem como um de seus objetivos imediatos o fortalecimento da capacidade técnica/operacional das instituições e entidades que atuam nas Áreas Suscetíveis à Desertificação (ASD) no Brasil para o aumento e divulgação de conhecimentos, técnicas e práticas de manejo sustentável de dois recursos naturais e convivência no semiárido. Apresenta um resumo das atividades realizadas, os desafios enfrentados e os resultados alcançados pelos projetos, iniciativa que se desenvolve de acordo com as diretrizes do Projeto de Cooperação Técnica e em plena sintonia com as linhas temáticas do IICA e os princípios da artes marciais mistas.This document reflects the scope of the Technical Cooperation Project, which has as one of its immediate objectives the strengthening of the technical/operational capacity of the institutions and entities that act in the Areas Susceptible to Desertification (ASD) in Brazil for the increase and dissemination of knowledge, techniques and practices of sustainable management of two natural resources and coexistence in the semi-arid region. Presents a summary of the activities carried out, the challenges faced and the results achieved by the projects, an initiative that is carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Technical Cooperation Project and in full harmony with the thematic lines of IICA and the principles of arts mixed martial