Abordagens clínicas da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico no âmbito atual: uma revisão de literatura

A Doença do Refluxo Gastroesofágico (DRGE) pode ser definida como uma condição na qual o retorno do conteúdo gástrico para o esôfago desencadeia sintomas incômodos e/ou complicações (BARREIRO,B.A e et al., 2023). Ademais, a DRGE é uma das afecções digestivas mais incidentes, cerca de 20% dos adultos nos países ocidentais e aproximadamente 5% dos asiáticos são portadores da doença e a prevalência anual dos sintomas vem aumentando por volta de 4% (BARREIRO, B.A et al., 2023). Logo, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as abordagens clinicas da doenca do refluxo gastroesofágico no âmbito atual. Dessa forma, este estudo configura-se como uma revisão integrativa realizada por meio do levantamento bibliográfico nos diretórios: Google Scholare Scientific Eletronic LibraryOn-line (SciELO). Desta busca, foram selecionados artigos entre os anos 2021 e 2023, posteriormente submetidos aos critérios de seleção. A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico está associada a uma probabilidade 5 a 7 vezes maior de desenvolver adenocarcinoma esofágico e 60% dos pacientes com câncer relatam história de DRGE. O esôfago de Barrett é uma adaptação metaplásica das células esofágicas em que a mucosa do tipo intestinal substitui a mucosa escamosa normal. Cerca de 15% dos pacientes com DRGE desenvolvem esôfago de Barret. Contínuo a isso, os tratamento mais comuns utilizados na pratica clinica são medidas não farmacológicas como dieta, sono e fitoterapia e farmacológicas como inibidores da bomba de prótons (IBPS), bloqueadores de H2 e procinéticos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que, embora a supressão ácida seja bem-sucedida no tratamento da DRGE, não parece haver uma relação clara entre a gravidade da DRGE e os níveis elevados de ácido gástrico. Ademais, a junção do tratamento farmacológico com o não farmacológico se mostrou superior a abordagem destes de forma isolada

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved