Space Contestation in the Tri-Dharma Religious Building (Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism) in Indonesia

This study examines the contestation of the worship space by looking at how three religions: Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism, occupy space in the tri-dharma worship building. This paper discusses the conceptual, theoretical, historical, and contemporary political aspects of the three religions in Indonesia and how the Indonesian government has historically encouraged Buddhists, Confucians, and Taoists to worship in the same space. This study surveys secondary data on the architecture of the Tri-Dharma houses of worship in Indonesia and looks at how the elements of each religion are placed in the buildings and how this reflects the contestation of the three religions in Indonesia. The result of this research shows that architectural contestation occurs in the altar room, ornamental, and overall building style. This contestation reflects which sects are dominant and which are peripheral to the three religions. This finding has implications for the importance of efforts to foster harmony between Tri-Dharma religious communities in Indonesia and how each one responds to architectural dominance and builds a more varied architecture of places of worship for the Tri-Dharma religion

Analisis Semiotik antara Lingkungan Binaan dengan Lingkungan Sosial-Politik: Studi Kasus pada Arsitektur Masjid Provinsi di Indonesia

Artikel ini mempelajari hubungan arsitektur masjid provinsi di Indonesia dengan sistem sosio-politik masyarakat, khususnya masyarakat muslim dan non-muslim melalui teori semiotika. Hal ini menarik karena adanya latar belakang masyarakat yang majemuk diikuti dengan adanya keanekaragaman arsitektur masjid. Artikel ini memiliki tiga tujuan: pertama, melihat hubungan antara dimensi masjid dan populasi masyarakat muslim di suatu provinsi, kedua, melihat hubungan antara arsitektur masjid dengan jumlah masyarakat muslim dan ketiga, melihat hubungan antara penamaan masjid dengan lingkungan sosio-politik agama. Data kuantitatif 31 masjid provinsi di Indonesia dianalisis menggunakan analisis korelasi dan Fisher’s exact test. Penelitian ini berdasarkan data sekunder dari basis data Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa: luas lahan masjid dan daya tampung masjid berkorelasi dengan jumlah dan proporsi masyarakat muslim di suatu provinsi. Sementara itu, arsitektur atap masjid yang berbentuk pyramidal roof ditemukan di provinsi yang penduduknya mayoritas suku Jawa. Nama masjid yang bersifat asertif ditemukan di provinsi yang jumlah masyarakat muslim dan non-muslim relatif seimbang. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa secara sadar atau tidak, kondisi lingkungan politik, agama dan etnis memiliki peran penting dalam arsitektur masjid provinsi di Indonesia.

Distraksi Visual Eksternal pada Arsitektur: Resiko pada Pengendara dan Mitigasinya

Arsitektur modern semakin berorientasi okular sehingga menimbulkan distraksi visual bagi masyarakat pengguna jalan di kawasan urban. Tidak mengherankan jika zaman ini disebut sebagai zaman distraksi. Walau begitu, penelitian mengenai distraksi eksternal dari arsitektur pada pengendara kendaraan bermotor masih sangat jarang dilakukan. Hal ini mempersulit para pengambil keputusan untuk membuat pengaturan yang ditopang bukti untuk menghilangkan atau mengurangi distraksi visual yang disebabkan oleh arsitektur pada tata kelola lalu lintas. Makalah ini meninjau literatur yang ada mengenai peran arsitektur dalam distraksi visual dan kemudian menggunakan tinjauan terhadap bangunan-bangunan ikonik dunia untuk mengkarakterisasi pola-pola penanganan distraksi visual. Penelitian ini menemukan tiga metode eliminasi distraksi visual yaitu pengambilan jarak yang jauh sehingga tidak terlihat dari jalan raya, pemakaian topeng visual seperti tembok dan pepohonan, dan desain lantai bawah yang tidak mencolok. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pemahaman yang lebih mendalam mengenai arsitektur yang ramah pada pengguna jalan dan memberikan landasan bagi pengembangan proposal kebijakan yang diarahkan untuk mereduksi distraksi visual saat berkendara

Libros electrónicos en la Red de Bibliotecas del CSIC. Creación de una colección común

[EN] The collection of digital resources of the CSIC Library Network has been developed mainly for electronic journals. However in the last three years its model for acquisition, management and accessibility applied to journals has been tried to ebooks. The first phase of the introduction of electronic books in the CSIC did not follow a defined strategy. Since 2007 a plan of cooperation has been established within the network in order to create a common collection of quality electronic books. In this article we describe the experience of cooperative purchasing among libraries in the network, the selected collections, how to make them accessible to library patrons, their usage up to now, the investments made and future plans to consolidate the CSIC ebooks collection.[ES] La colección de recursos digitales de la Red de Bibliotecas del CSIC ha estado formada fundamentalmente por revistas electrónicas. Pero en los últimos 3 años el modelo de adquisición, gestión y accesibilidad aplicado a las revistas se ha exportado a los libros electrónicos. La primera fase de la introducción de libros electrónicos en el CSIC no siguió una estrategia definida. Desde 2007 se ha establecido un plan de cooperación dentro de la propia Red que persigue crear una colección común de libros electrónicos de calidad. Se presenta la experiencia de compras cooperativas entre las bibliotecas de la Red, las colecciones seleccionadas, cómo se hacen accesibles a los usuarios, el uso que han tenido, las inversiones realizadas y los planes futuros de consolidación de los libros electrónicos en el CSIC.Peer reviewe

Aspek-Aspek Arsitektur Tradisional dalam Landmark di Kota-Kota Besar di Indonesia

Penelitian ini meninjau aspek-aspek arsitektur tradisional yang menjadi landmark di kota-kota besar di Indonesia dan popularitasnya dibandingkan landmark yang sepenuhnya modern dengan memeriksa jenis, aspek, kategori, dan daya tarik landmark di ibukota provinsi di Indonesia. Analisis deskriptif dan one-way ANOVA digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan landmark dan memeriksa secara kuantitatif relasi antara landmark dengan daya tariknya bagi masyarakat kota. Hasil mengungkapkan bahwa 39 dari 121 landmark yang disurvai memiliki aspek arsitektur tradisional. Arsitektur tradisional dapat dilihat dalam aspek atap, bangunan, dan ornamen. Kategori landmark yang mengandung aspek arsitektur tradisional adalah masjid, museum, taman, jalan, kompleks bangunan, kuil/wihara/kelenteng, pura, benteng, keraton, monumen, dan pasar. Hasil analisis ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa landmark yang mengandung aspek arsitektur dan menonjol secara visual memiliki daya tarik lebih tinggi dari landmark yang hanya mengandung salah satu karakteristik tersebut. Hasil ini meningkatkan pemahaman mengenai pentingnya aspek arsitektur tradisional untuk diterapkan dalam desain landmark dan menyarankan penambahan aspek-aspek arsitektur tradisional pada landmark yang telah ada maupun pada desain landmark yang akan datan

Laparoscopy in management of appendicitis in high-, middle-, and low-income countries: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency worldwide. Differences between high- and low-income settings in the availability of laparoscopic appendectomy, alternative management choices, and outcomes are poorly described. The aim was to identify variation in surgical management and outcomes of appendicitis within low-, middle-, and high-Human Development Index (HDI) countries worldwide. METHODS: This is a multicenter, international prospective cohort study. Consecutive sampling of patients undergoing emergency appendectomy over 6 months was conducted. Follow-up lasted 30 days. RESULTS: 4546 patients from 52 countries underwent appendectomy (2499 high-, 1540 middle-, and 507 low-HDI groups). Surgical site infection (SSI) rates were higher in low-HDI (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.33-4.99, p = 0.005) but not middle-HDI countries (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.76-2.52, p = 0.291), compared with high-HDI countries after adjustment. A laparoscopic approach was common in high-HDI countries (1693/2499, 67.7%), but infrequent in low-HDI (41/507, 8.1%) and middle-HDI (132/1540, 8.6%) groups. After accounting for case-mix, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42-0.71, p < 0.001) and SSIs (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.14-0.33, p < 0.001). In propensity-score matched groups within low-/middle-HDI countries, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.23 95% CI 0.11-0.44) and SSI (OR 0.21 95% CI 0.09-0.45). CONCLUSION: A laparoscopic approach is associated with better outcomes and availability appears to differ by country HDI. Despite the profound clinical, operational, and financial barriers to its widespread introduction, laparoscopy could significantly improve outcomes for patients in low-resource environments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02179112

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe

Mortality of emergency abdominal surgery in high-, middle- and low-income countries

Background: Surgical mortality data are collected routinely in high-income countries, yet virtually no low- or middle-income countries have outcome surveillance in place. The aim was prospectively to collect worldwide mortality data following emergency abdominal surgery, comparing findings across countries with a low, middle or high Human Development Index (HDI). Methods: This was a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Self-selected hospitals performing emergency surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive patients from at least one 2-week interval during July to December 2014. Postoperative mortality was analysed by hierarchical multivariable logistic regression. Results: Data were obtained for 10 745 patients from 357 centres in 58 countries; 6538 were from high-, 2889 from middle- and 1318 from low-HDI settings. The overall mortality rate was 1⋅6 per cent at 24 h (high 1⋅1 per cent, middle 1⋅9 per cent, low 3⋅4 per cent; P < 0⋅001), increasing to 5⋅4 per cent by 30 days (high 4⋅5 per cent, middle 6⋅0 per cent, low 8⋅6 per cent; P < 0⋅001). Of the 578 patients who died, 404 (69⋅9 per cent) did so between 24 h and 30 days following surgery (high 74⋅2 per cent, middle 68⋅8 per cent, low 60⋅5 per cent). After adjustment, 30-day mortality remained higher in middle-income (odds ratio (OR) 2⋅78, 95 per cent c.i. 1⋅84 to 4⋅20) and low-income (OR 2⋅97, 1⋅84 to 4⋅81) countries. Surgical safety checklist use was less frequent in low- and middle-income countries, but when used was associated with reduced mortality at 30 days. Conclusion: Mortality is three times higher in low- compared with high-HDI countries even when adjusted for prognostic factors. Patient safety factors may have an important role. Registration number: NCT02179112 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection

Background End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection. Methods This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model. Results In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6·9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15·5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77·6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57·5, 40·9 and 35·4 per cent; P < 0·001) and subsequent use of end colostomy (52·2, 24·8 and 18·9 per cent; P < 0·001) in low- compared with middle- and high-HDI settings. The association with colostomy use in low-HDI settings persisted (odds ratio (OR) 3·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·35 to 7·57; P = 0·008) after risk adjustment for malignant disease (OR 2·34, 1·65 to 3·32; P < 0·001), emergency surgery (OR 4·08, 2·73 to 6·10; P < 0·001), time to operation at least 48 h (OR 1·99, 1·28 to 3·09; P = 0·002) and disease perforation (OR 4·00, 2·81 to 5·69; P < 0·001). Conclusion Global differences existed in the proportion of patients receiving end stomas after left-sided colorectal resection based on income, which went beyond case mix alone