Upodobitve ptic na karolinškodobnih kamnih s pleteninastim okrasom v Karantaniji

/After the christianisation of the Slavic princes and lords in the year 772, several churches with ornate interiors, containing marbles in guilloche ornaments, were founed in Carantania. This custom ceased in 817/828, when Carantania became a Carolingian-ruled country. According to Kurt Karpf, churches with such ornaments were built between 772 and 817/828. His thesis is supported by the Millstatt tombstone, a donor inscription from St. Peter am Bichl and the tomb establishing the foundation of the church of St Peter near Moosburg in approximately the year 800. In guilloche ornaments, bird depictions are sometimes included, but their species are usually not specified, or if they are, they are interpreted as eagles or eagle-like birds. Comparison with neighboring Friuli has shown that they are not eagle depictions, but most likely the images of pigeons, which, together with grapes or vines, symbolise Jesus Christ or paradise and eternal bliss (aurea aetas). Due to the small number of preserved monuments and the fact that several masons of the same workshop with different artistic skills could participate in the same order, it is difficult to follow stylistic differences. It seems, however, that in the technique of parallel gutting, the bird’s bodies can be identified as a characteristic element of the 9th century. Court-orderd quality artefacts are not known in guilloche ornaments with birds in Carantania. Comparisons of bird and flower depictions indicate close contacts between Friuli and Carantania. Additional studies might be able to offer an answer to the question of whether the missionary monastery of Molzbichl was a foundation of the patriarchs of Aquileia.Po zaključenem pokristjanjenju slovanskih knezov je Karantanijo v letu 772 preplavil val gradnje cerkva s kamnito opremo, okrašeno s t.i. pleteninasto ornamentiko, ki se zaključi že med letoma 817 in 828, ko je Karantanija postala karolinška grofija. To predpostavko Kurta Karpfa, ki temelji na zgodovinski analizi, potrjujeta najdbi dveh donatorskih napisov ustanoviteljev cerkva iz Millstatta in St. Petra na Gori (St. Peter am Bichl) in datacija grobnice, ki postavlja ustanovitev cerkve sv. Petra v Št. Petru pri Možberku (St. Peter bei Moosburg) približno v leto 800. V pleteninast ornament so vključene tudi upodobitve ptic, a njihova vrsta običajno ni podrobneje opredeljena, če pa je, so interpretirane kot orli ali orlom podobne ptice. Primerjava s sosednjo Furlanijo je pokazala, da ne gre za upodobitve orlov, ampak najverjetneje za golobe, ki skupaj z grozdjem oz. vinsko trto simbolizirajo Jezusa Kristusa oz. raj in večno blaženost (aurea aetas). Zaradi majhnega števila spomenikov in ker je pri istem naročilu lahko sodelovalo več klesarjev iste delavnice z različnim umetniškimi veščinami, je v zgodnjesrednjeveški pleteninasti plastiki težko slediti slogovnim razlikam. Zdi pa se, da bi lahko v tehniki paralelnega žlebljenja izdelanih ptičjih telesih prepoznali značilen element 9. stoletja. Med spomeniki s pleteninastim okrasom z upodobitvami ptic z območja Karantanije niso znani kvalitetnejši primerki, izdelani po naročilu dvora. Primerjave upodobitev ptic in cvetlic nakazujejo, da so med Furlanijo in Karantanijo gotovo obstajali tesni stiki. Dodatne študije bi morda lahko ponudile odgovor na vprašanje, ali niso morebiti misijonskega samostana v Molzbichlu ustanovili oglejski patriarhi

Der Kärntner Bildhauer Josef Kassin (1856-1931)

Abstract:Der Kärntner Bildhauer Josef Kassin (18561931)Die vorliegende Dissertation gibt einen Überblick über den biografischen und künstlerischen Werdegang des Kärntner Bildhauers Josef Kassin, dessen Oeuvre in erster Linie Porträts, Grabmäler, Freiplastiken, Kriegerdenkmäler und Brunnen umfasst. Erstmals wird dem gesamten greifbaren künstlerischen Nachlass und allen verfügbaren Quellen zum Künstler nachgegangen und sein Werk in einen kunsthistorischen Kontext gestellt.Der erste Teil der Arbeit umfasst einen ausführlichen Lebenslauf des Künstlers und stellt im weiteren dessen künstlerisches Vermächtnis anhand ausgewählter Schlüsselwerke dar. Diese stammen aus allen Bereichen seines künstlerischen Schaffens, werden beschrieben, unter kunsthistorischen Gesichtspunkten analysiert und ausgewählten Werken anderer Bildhauer seiner Zeit gegenübergestellt. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit umfasst ein Werkverzeichnis, worin die Werke des Künstlers anhand von persönlichen Aufzeichnungen und Dokumenten einschließlich von Entwürfen datenmäßig erfasst und, sofern möglich, fotografisch belegt sind.Ziel der Arbeit ist es, ein umfassendes Bild der persönlichen und künstlerischen Entwicklung von Josef Kassin im Kontext seiner Zeit vorzulegen und seine künstlerische Stellung innerhalb der Bildhauerei im Wien der vorletzten Jahrhundertwende darzustellen. Seine künstlerische Auseinandersetzung reicht von der klassischen Antike bis zum Klassizismus eines Antonio Canova und lässt auch eine Annäherung an die Secession erkennen, erhellt anders gesagt ein Künstlerleben zwischen Historismus und beginnender Moderne.Josef Kassin trat nicht als Erneuerer in Erscheinung. Als unermüdlich tätiger und bis hinauf ins Kaiserhaus gefragter Auftragskünstler stehen er und sein Werk beispielhaft für die Bildhauerei in Wien bzw. den Kronländern am Ausgang des 19. und zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts.Abstract:The Carinthian sculptor Josef Kassin (18561931)The present dissertation gives an overview of the biographical and artistic career of the Carinthian sculptor Josef Kassin, whose oeuvre primarily comprises portraits, tombs, free sculptures, war memorials and fountains. For the first time the entire tangible artistic estate and all available sources for the artist will be investigated and his work placed in an art historical context.The first part of the thesis includes a detailed curriculum vitae of the artist and furthermore illustrates his artistic legacy by analyzing selected key works. These works that come from all areas of his artistic oeuvre are described and analyzed from an art historical point of view as well as contrasted with selected works by other sculptors of his time. The second part of the work includes a catalog raisonné, in which the artists works are recorded on the basis of personal records and documents - including drafts - and, as far as possible, photographically documented.The aim of the thesis is to present a comprehensive picture of the personal and artistic development of Josef Kassin in the context of his time and to present his artistic position within sculpture in Vienna at the penultimate turn of the century. His artistic exploration ranges from Classical Antiquity to the Classicism of an Antonio Canova and also reveals an approach to the Secession, in other words illuminating an artist's life between Historicism and Early Modernism. Josef Kassin did not appear as a reviver. As a tirelessly active and up to the imperial house sought-after contract artist, he and his work are exemplary for the sculpture in Vienna and the Crown lands at the end of the 19th and early 20th century.eingereicht von Mag. phil. Brigitte Ponta-ZittererAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der VerfasserinZusammenfassungen in Deutsch und EnglischKarl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Dissertation, 2018OeBB(VLID)267947

Natural Enemies of Bark Beetles

The occurrence and action of natural enemies of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are reviewed. Bark beetles have a diverse and important community of natural enemies. The community includes predators such as birds, beetles, flies, true bugs, and mites; parasitoids such as wasps and flies; pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, microsporidia, and protozoa; as well as nematodes. The general ecology of the various taxonomic groups is discussed and some of the species most relevant to biological control are treated in detail. Morphological descriptions and the biology of pathogens, field data on natural enemies’ prevalence and geographical distribution are presented. The role of these antagonistic agents in bark beetle population dynamics and their potential for use as biological control agents are evaluated based on literature, data from experiments, observations in the field, and from controlled laboratory experiments