638 research outputs found
Recommended from our members
Thermodynamic compatibility of polystyrene-poly(orthochlorostyrene) blends.
Switching the stereochemical outcome of 6-endo-trig cyclizations; Synthesis of 2,6-Cis-6-substituted 4-oxopipecolic acids
A base-mediated 6-endo-trig cyclization of
readily accessible enone-derived α-amino acids has been
developed for the direct synthesis of novel 2,6-cis-6-
substituted-4-oxo-L-pipecolic acids. A range of aliphatic and
aryl side chains were tolerated by this mild procedure to give
the target compounds in good overall yields. Molecular
modeling of the 6-endo-trig cyclization allowed some insight as
to how these compounds were formed, with the enolate
intermediate generated via an equilibrium process, followed by irreversible tautomerization/neutralization providing the driving force for product formation. Stereoselective reduction and deprotection of the resulting 2,6-cis-6-substituted 4-oxo-L-pipecolic acids to the corresponding 4-hydroxy-L-pipecolic acids was also performed
Direct profiling of phytochemicals in tulip tissues and in vivo monitoring of the change of carbohydrate content in tulip bulbs by probe electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Production in Pichia pastoris of complementary protein-based polymers with heterodimer-forming WW and PPxY domains
Macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) cake from biodiesel processing: a low-cost substrate to produce lipases from Moniliella spathulata R25L270 with potential application in the oleochemical industry
A systematic approach to quantifying the noise-enso relationship and its effect on extreme el nino events
Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2014.Includes bibliographical references.State-dependent noise forcing, where properties such as amplitude are dependent on the background conditions, has been shown as a potential cause for the El Niño--La Niña amplitude asymmetry. Complex characterization of the state dependency of El Niño noise forcing as documented in most existing research has not been readily applicable to the outputs from the current generation of coupled climate models (GCMs). Here a simple method for determining the overall strength of the state-dependence factor of the El Niño noise forcing is proposed and tested. This method is shown to be independent of the data sampling from monthly mean to daily data, which make it readily applicable to monthly climate data archives. Using a reanalysis product and two coupled GCMs, the method is then applied to the equatorial zonal windstress, which is a known noise source for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. The windstress in all three cases is shown to have strong state-dependent noise forcing.
The state-dependent component of the noise forcing is further isolated and shown to be enhanced by the Pacific Warm Pool and Westerly Wind Burst interaction. The coupled process acts to increase the low-frequency component of state-dependent windstress noise forcing, a part of noise forcing that is most essential in the excitation and strengthening of ENSO.
The methodology is then further applied to the outputs from a suite of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP)5 model simulations under various scenarios. It is found that most of the CMIP5 models underestimate the state-dependence factor of the equatorial windstress on sea-surface temperature (SST). There is a consistent relationship with the zonal equatorial SST gradient and the state-dependence factor. However, the models fail to agree on changes of the state-dependence factor due to global warming.
Finally, using the conceptual model, the state dependence factor is shown to control the ENSO skewness and is a predictor of the frequency of occurrence of extreme El Niño events. To a large extent, the CMIP5 simulations are in support of these theoretical relationships
The separation of amino acids on ion-exchange resins by elution with water and aqueous ethanol
- …