Changes in Climate Extremes and Catastrophic Events in the Mongolian Plateau from 1951 to 2012

AbstractThe spatiotemporal changes in 21 indices of extreme temperature and precipitation for the Mongolian Plateau from 1951 to 2012 were investigated on the basis of daily temperature and precipitation data from 70 meteorological stations. Changes in catastrophic events, such as droughts, floods, and snowstorms, were also investigated for the same period. The correlations between catastrophic events and the extreme indices were examined. The results show that the Mongolian Plateau experienced an asymmetric warming trend. Both the cold extremes and warm extremes showed greater warming at night than in the daytime. The spatial changes in significant trends showed a good homogeneity and consistency in Inner Mongolia. Changes in the precipitation extremes were not as obvious as those in the temperature extremes. The spatial distributions in changes of precipitation extremes were complex. A decreasing trend was shown for total precipitation from west to east as based on the spatial distribution of decadal trends. Drought was the most serious extreme disaster, and prolonged drought for longer than 3 yr occurred about every 7–11 yr. An increasing trend in the disaster area was apparent for flood events from 1951 to 2012. A decreasing trend was observed for the maximum depth of snowfall from 1951 to 2012, with a decreased average maximum depth of 10 mm from the 1990s.</jats:p

Study of the phase-varying mechanisms of ion current signals for combustion phasing in a gasoline HCCI engine

This work was supported by National Basic Research Priorities Program (973) of China under the Grant reference of 2007CB 210005.The phase-varying mechanism of the ion current observed in a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine is investigated to achieve ion current-based combustion phasing. By integrating the gasoline flame ionization mechanism with the HCCI combustion model, the mechanisms affecting the ion formation and recombination processes are analyzed, and the relationship between the phases of ion current and combustion event is studied. Modeling results indicate that the formation rate of H 3 O + ions is mainly affected by the combustion boundary conditions. However, the ion recombination rate of H 3 O + ions is mainly dependent on the concentration of these ions. In the presence of the above mechanisms, the phase-varying tendency of the ion current is found to be similar to the variations in the combustion phase, but the offset between these phases will vary when the combustion boundary condition changes. As the equivalence ratio becomes low, the rate of H 3 O + formation is decreased and the ion recombination rate decreases even more, due to the reduced ion concentration. Therefore, the inflection point of the ion current curve, dI max , is retarded even further compared to the combustion phase CA50. In addition, a larger phase offset between dI max and CA50 is observed when the intake temperature is lower. All of the above modeling predictions agree well with the experimental results

Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Altimetry for the future: building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Novel Parametric Circuit Modeling for Li-Ion Batteries

Because of their simplicity and dynamic response, current pulse series are often used to extract parameters for equivalent electrical circuit modeling of Li-ion batteries. These models are then applied for performance simulation, state estimation, and thermal analysis in electric vehicles. However, these methods have two problems: The assumption of linear dependence of the matrix columns and negative parameters estimated from discrete-time equations and least-squares methods. In this paper, continuous-time equations are exploited to construct a linearly independent data matrix and parameterize the circuit model by the combination of non-negative least squares and genetic algorithm, which constrains the model parameters to be positive. Trigonometric functions are then developed to fit the parameter curves. The developed model parameterization methodology was applied and assessed by a standard driving cycle

Comprehensive energy system optimization using developed coyote algorithm for effective management of battery, heat source, and thermal storage

The modern building sector faces the challenge of meeting energy demands while minimizing environmental impacts and promoting energy efficiency. This research paper presents a comprehensive approach to optimizing building energy systems using a modified metaheuristic, the Developed Coyote Algorithm (DCO). The increasing importance of storage equipment in energy organizations, driven by changes in peak-load demand and the growing adoption of renewable energy sources, necessitates efficient storage solutions. Battery Energy Storage (BES) and Thermal Energy Storage (TES) are commonly used to store excess energy generated from renewable sources and supply it during peak demand. By applying the DCO algorithm, the operational plans of energy systems comprising BES, air-source heat pumps, and TES can be efficiently optimized with minimal computational requirements. The proposed method aims to enhance the productivity and sustainability of energy systems while providing valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders involved in renewable energy development. The discharge of batteries and thermal energy storage occurs during low electricity prices, with charging power fluctuating between 100 and 150 kW. GWO and IWWO results show that charging is done at night with 150 kW, with a reduced amount used during other times. Thermal energy storage can store energy from 500 to 800 kW during night time, while DCO generates 700–900 kW. The results of this research contribute to the effective management of batteries, heat sources, and thermal storage in building energy systems, further advancing the utilization of renewable energy resources

A Study of RuO_2-Co_3O_4-TiO_2(60)Coating on Ti-Substrate for Chlorine Gas Evolution

用稳定极化、Ｘ射线衍射、透射电镜和扫描电镜的方法研究了钛基ＲｕＯ_２－Ｃｏ_３Ｏ_４－ＴｉＯ_２（６０）涂层的析氯活性、导电性、使用寿命、微观结构和表面形貌。并对其活性表面积进行了评价。详细讨论了涂层成份、微观结构和表面形貌对涂层析氯活性和活性表面积的影响。发现在０～１０ｍ／ｏＣｏ_３Ｏ_４和６０ｍ／ｏＴｉＯ_２成份范围内ＲｕＯ_２、Ｃｏ_３Ｏ_４和ＴｉＯ_２可形成单一金红石型固溶体，且有优异的析氯活性、电导率和使用寿命。以此研究为基础可改进氯碱工业广泛使用的传统ＲｕＯ_２－ＴｉＯ_２阳极，降低阳极涂层中贵金属含量，提高阳极的电化学性能．The chlorine gas evolution activity,electric conductivity,service life,microstructure and surface morphology of RuO2-CO3O4-TiO2(60) coating on Ti-subetrate were studied in 0～30 m/o Co3O4 range by steady-state pelarization,x-ray diffraction,TEM and SEM methods.Active surface area of the coating was also evaluated. The in fluences of coating composition,micrortructure and surface morphology on chlorine gas evolution activity and active surface area of the coating were discussed in detail.As a result,sole rutile-type solid solution of RuO2,CO3O4 and TiO2 which showed better chlorine gas evolution activity,electric conductivity and service life was found in ca. 0～10 m/o Co3O4 range. Traditional RuO2-TiO2/Ti anedes being widely used in chlor-alkali industry could be medified by a suitable amount of Co3O4 for the benefit of reducing content of Ru as a noble metal in the coating and improving the electrochemical properties of the anodes.作者联系地址：中国科学院金属腐蚀与防护研究所Author's Address: Institute of corrosion and protection of metals,Academia Sinica,Shenyang 11001