Informal Learning on YouTube: Development of an Analytical Tool to Study Didactic and Design Aspects of Explanatory Videos and Tutorials

Erklärvideos und Tutorials auf YouTube stellen zentrale Elemente lern- und bildungsbezogener Medienrepertoires von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen dar. Sie zeichnen sich durch einen besonders niedrigschwelligen Zugang zu Wissen und Bildungsinhalten aus. Weitgehend ungeklärt ist bisher, wie sich Erklärvideos und Tutorials in ihrer didaktischen und audiovisuellen Gestaltung zu verschiedenen Themenfeldern unterscheiden. In diesem Beitrag werden dazu die Weiterentwicklung eines Kodierleitfadens «Gestaltungsqualität von Erklärvideos» (GQEV) beschrieben und erste Analyseergebnisse vorgestellt. Für die Analyse wurde eine Videokorpus von 382 deutsch- und englischsprachigen Erklärvideos zu typischen Themenfeldern des ausserschulischen interessenbasierten Lernens Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener ausgewertet. Bei der didaktischen Gestaltung werden besonders häufig eine «Themeneinführung» sowie eine «Verabschiedung» genutzt, relativ selten eine «Darstellung des Ergebnisses zu Beginn des Videos» oder eine «theoretische Herleitung». Die nach 17 Themenfeldern differenzierte Analyse kann die These stärken, dass einzelne Gestaltungsmerkmale in Passung zum erklärenden Videoinhalt unterschiedlich häufig eingesetzt werden. In einigen Themenfeldern wie «Musik machen» und «Kreatives Gestalten» ähneln sich die Gestaltungsformate dabei stärker als in anderen Themenfeldern wie «Produkttests» oder «Persönlichkeit und Beziehung». Über alle Themenfelder hinweg werden Gestaltungselemente wie «Themeneinführung» sowie «Humor» in einem ähnlichen Umfang genutzt, während der Einsatz «Inhaltlicher Wiederholungen» oder «Inhaltlicher Quellen» stärker variiert.Explanatory videos and tutorials on YouTube represent central elements of learning- and education-related media repertoires of adolescents and young adults. They are characterized by particularly easy access to knowledge and educational content. It has not yet been clarified, how explanatory videos and tutorials differ in their didactic and audiovisual design with regard to different thematic fields. This paper describes the further development of a coding guideline «Design Quality of Explanatory Videos» (DQEV) and presents first results of the analysis. For the analysis, 382 German- and English-language explanatory videos on typical topics of extracurricular interest-based learning of teenagers and young adults were analyzed. In the didactic design, a «topic introduction» as well as a «farewell» are used particularly frequently, whereas a «presentation of the result at the beginning of the video» or a «theoretical derivation» are used relatively rarely. The analysis, which is differentiated according to 17 topic areas, shows that individual design features are used in different frequency dependent on explanatory video content. In some topic areas, such as «playing music» and «creative design», the design formats resemble each other more than in other subject areas, such as «product tests» or «personality and relationships». Largely consistent across all topic areas is the use of «topic introduction» and «humor», while the use of «content repetition» or «content sources» varies more

Comparable cellular and humoral immunity upon homologous and heterologous COVID-19 vaccination regimens in kidney transplant recipients

BackgroundKidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are at high risk for a severe course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); thus, effective vaccination is critical. However, the achievement of protective immunogenicity is hampered by immunosuppressive therapies. We assessed cellular and humoral immunity and breakthrough infection rates in KTRs vaccinated with homologous and heterologous COVID-19 vaccination regimens.MethodWe performed a comparative in-depth analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–specific T-cell responses using multiplex Fluorospot assays and SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) between three-times homologously (n = 18) and heterologously (n = 8) vaccinated KTRs.ResultsWe detected SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in 100% of KTRs upon third vaccination, with comparable frequencies, T-cell expression profiles, and relative interferon γ and interleukin 2 production per single cell between homologously and heterologously vaccinated KTRs. SARS-CoV-2-specific NAb positivity rates were significantly higher in heterologously (87.5%) compared to homologously vaccinated (50.0%) KTRs (P < 0.0001), whereas the magnitudes of NAb titers were comparable between both subcohorts after third vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections occurred in equal numbers in homologously (38.9%) and heterologously (37.5%) vaccinated KTRs with mild-to-moderate courses of COVID-19.ConclusionOur data support a more comprehensive assessment of not only humoral but also cellular SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity in KTRs to provide an in-depth understanding about the COVID-19 vaccine–induced immune response in a transplant setting

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

Pine Island Glacier – basal properties and sliding laws

The dynamics of the Antarctic Ice Sheet can be well seen and studied on the behavior of Pine Island Glacier. Despite the long time believe in a slow response of the ice sheet to changing atmospheric and oceanic forcing, Pine Island has shown acceleration, thinning and a significant grounding line retreat in the past decades. These ongoing processes are coinciding with a concentrated mass loss in the area around Pine Island Glacier, the Amundsen Sea Embayment. The area is of additional interest due to its retrograde bed slope below the glacier. The postulated instability of the setting turns the glacier into an even more suitable object for modeling studies. Plenty of working groups have conducted modeling studies of Pine Island Glacier with varying model complexity and diverse focuses. We want to add to this by conducting model experiments with a diagnostic 3D full-stokes model of Pine Island Glacier. The model is thermo-mechanically coupled and implemented with the commercial finite-element package COMSOL Multiphysics©. We use remotely sensed surface velocity data to validate our results. The focus of our work lies on the basal properties below the glacier and the connection to sliding behav- ior. We believe that this is a crucial part, as different basal conditions might cause different responses to ongoing changes in the area. Recent studies presented evidence for the existence of a water saturated sediment basin below the main trunk of the glacier. We conduct a variety a numerical experiments with which we test different approaches of combining information about the basal properties with sliding laws

Pine Island Glacier - a 3D full-Stokes model study

Mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet is found to significantly contribute to eustatic sea level rise, due to a dynamic response in the system. Pine Island Glacier, a fast flowing outlet glacier in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, is located in the Amundsen Sea Embayment Area, where the present Antarctic mass loss is concentrated. The observed mass loss in the area coincides with acceleration and thinning of the glacier, accompanied by a retreat of the grounding line, which is the line of separation between grounded and floating ice. The bed beneath the glacier lies in large parts below sea level, with the bed sloping down away from the ocean. This setting makes the glacier especially vulnerable to increasing and possibly accelerating retreat. Remote sensing techniques allow only for the surface conditions of glacial systems to be nowadays monitored over reasonable temporal and spatial scales. The conditions at the base, however, are still widely unknown, due to their inaccessibility. This poses a challenge, as basal conditions are a very important component for understanding glacier dynamics. A key technique to bridge this challenge is given by numerical modelling. In glaciological studies flow models are developed, that can either be used to solve in a prognostic manner over long time scales, being based on approximations to the full system of equations, or to solve diagnostically in high resolution for the full system, to study processes in more detail. Here we present a model of the later category, a thermo-mechanically coupled 3D full- Stokes ice flow model, which is set up to the region of Pine Island Glacier. It is solved with the finite element method, and the prismatic mesh is refined horizontally across the grounding line, where high resolution is needed. With this coupled flow model we assess the present thermal and dynamical state of the coupled ice sheet - ice shelf system. Fur- thermore, we develop a method to include measured basal properties into the formulation of the basal sliding law. We find the glacier to be predominantly cold, with most parts of the base being temperate, thus at pressure melting point. The temperate base is a prerequisite for basal sliding, which controls the faster flowing central stream of the glacier. The dominant mechanisms driving the flow of the different tributaries are diverse. Some are controlled by a strong bed and according high driving stresses. Others are steered by the basal topography and likely the presence of water saturated marine sediments. Only minor areas are identified with a significantly thick temperate basal layer. Furthermore, we show a connection between the basal roughness and the sliding behaviour of the glacier. A reduced effective pressure is a key necessity to explain the fast flow towards the grounding line. Thus, a thermo-mechanically coupled model, as we presented here, is essential for the inference of interrelations between the thermal regime, the basal roughness structure and the flow and sliding conditions

Pine Island Glacier - local flow mechanisms and basal sliding

Pine Island Glacier is a fast moving outlet glacier in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Several tributaries feeding the central ice stream characterise the flow field structure of this glacier. In the past decades the glacier has shown acceleration, thinning and a significant grounding line retreat. These ongoing processes are coinciding with a concentrated mass loss in the area around Pine Island Glacier, the Amundsen Sea Embayment. The area is of additional interest due to its retrograde bed slope. The postulated instability of the setting turns the glacier into an even more suitable object for modelling studies. One major challenge encountered when modelling the flow field of Pine Island Glacier is to reproduce the locally varying flow pattern, with its many tributaries. Commonly this difficulty is overcome by inversion for parameters controlling basal sliding. Our study is aimed at connecting basal sliding again to physical parameters. To achieve this we conduct experiments of Pine Island Glacier with the diagnostic 3D full-Stokes model COMice. The model is thermo-mechanically coupled and implemented with the commercial finite-element package COMSOL Multiphysics©. We use remotely sensed surface velocity data to validate our results. In a first step, the model is used to identify dominant local mechanisms that drive the flow of the different tributaries. We identify connections between the basal topography, the basal temperature, the driving stress and the basal roughness distribution. The thus gained information is used to confine basal sliding. Areas with similar qualitative characteristics are identified, and constant-sliding assumptions made for those. Additionally, the basal roughness distribution is matched onto a basal sliding parameter. This way the sliding law is again brought closer to its original meaning. Our results are important for prognostic model experiments, as we connect basal sliding to locally varying basal properties, which might lead to different responses of the tributaries to altered external forcing

Thermal structure and basal sliding parametrisation at Pine Island Glacier – a 3-D full-Stokes model study

Pine Island Glacier is one of the fastest changing glaciers of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and therefore of scientific interest. The glacier holds enough ice to raise the global sea level significantly (~ 0.5 m) when fully melted. The question addressed by numerous modelling studies of the glacier focuses on whether the observed changes are a start of an uncontrolled and accelerating retreat. The movement of the glacier is, in the fast-flowing areas, dominated by basal motion. In modelling studies the parametrisation of the basal motion is therefore crucial. Inversion methods are commonly applied to reproduce the complex surface flow structure of Pine Island Glacier by using information of the observed surface velocity field to constrain, among other things, basal sliding. We introduce two different approaches of combining a physical parameter, the basal roughness, with basal sliding parametrisations. This way basal sliding is again connected closer to its original formulation. We show that the basal roughness is an important and helpful parameter to consider and that many features of the flow structure can be reproduced with these approaches

PLOD2 Is a Prognostic Marker in Glioblastoma That Modulates the Immune Microenvironment and Tumor Progression

This study aimed to investigate the role of Procollagen-Lysine, 2-Oxoglutarate 5-Dioxygenase 2 (PLOD2) in glioblastoma (GBM) pathophysiology. To this end, PLOD2 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in two independent cohorts of patients with primary GBM (n1 = 204 and n2 = 203, respectively). Association with the outcome was tested by Kaplan–Meier, log-rank and multivariate Cox regression analysis in patients with confirmed IDH wild-type status. The biological effects and downstream mechanisms of PLOD2 were assessed in stable PLOD2 knock-down GBM cell lines. High levels of PLOD2 significantly associated with (p1 = 0.020; p2 0.001; log-rank) and predicted (cohort 1: HR = 1.401, CI [95%] = 1.009–1.946, p1 = 0.044; cohort 2: HR = 1.493; CI [95%] = 1.042–2.140, p2 = 0.029; Cox regression) the poor overall survival of GBM patients. PLOD2 knock-down inhibited tumor proliferation, invasion and anchorage-independent growth. MT1-MMP, CD44, CD99, Catenin D1 and MMP2 were downstream of PLOD2 in GBM cells. GBM cells produced soluble factors via PLOD2, which subsequently induced neutrophils to acquire a pro-tumor phenotype characterized by prolonged survival and the release of MMP9. Importantly, GBM patients with synchronous high levels of PLOD2 and neutrophil infiltration had significantly worse overall survival (p < 0.001; log-rank) compared to the other groups of GBM patients. These findings indicate that PLOD2 promotes GBM progression and might be a useful therapeutic target in this type of cancer