The origin of integration in Virginia\u27s public schools : a narrative history from 1951-1959

This thesis traces the origins of integration in Virginia\u27s public schools from a strike for equal facilities by black students in Prince Edward County in 1951 to Governor Almond\u27s capitulation of the resistance movement in 1959. The 1951 student strike became a law suit challenging the constitutionality of Virginia\u27s segregation laws. It was one of four cases heard collectively before the United States Supreme Court in 1954 as Brown v. Board of Education. Virginia resisted the Court\u27s decision until 1959. The thesis relied upon newspaper accounts and personal interviews. It concluded that a fear of amalgamation of the races and a lack of support for education were principal causes for the resistance movement

Nontimber Forest Products in the United States

A quiet revolution is taking place in America\u27s forests. Once seen primarily as stands of timber, our woodlands are now prized as a rich source of a wide range of commodities, from wild mushrooms and maple sugar to hundreds of medicinal plants whose uses have only begun to be fully realized. Now as timber harvesting becomes more mechanized and requires less labor, the image of the lumberjack is being replaced by that of the forager. This book provides the first comprehensive examination of nontimber forest products (NTFPs) in the United States, illustrating their diverse importance, describing the people who harvest them, and outlining the steps that are being taken to ensure access to them. As the first extensive national overview of NTFP policy and management specific to the United States, it brings together research from numerous disciplines and analytical perspectives-such as economics, mycology, history, ecology, law, entomology, forestry, geography, and anthropology—in order to provide a cohesive picture of the current and potential role of NTFPs. The contributors review the state of scientific knowledge of NTFPs by offering a survey of commercial and noncommercial products, an overview of uses and users, and discussions of sustainable management issues associated with ecology, cultural traditions, forest policy, and commerce. They examine some of the major social, economic, and biological benefits of NTFPs, while also addressing the potential negative consequences of NTFP harvesting on forest ecosystems and on NTFP species populations. Within this wealth of information are rich accounts of NTFP use drawn from all parts of the American landscape—from the Pacific Northwest to the Caribbean. From honey production to a review of nontimber forest economies still active in the United States—such as the Ojibway harvest of plants recounted here—the book takes in the whole breadth of recent NTFP issues, including ecological concerns associated with the expansion of NTFP markets and NTFP tenure issues on federally managed lands. No other volume offers such a comprehensive overview of NTFPs in North America. By examining all aspects of these products, it contributes to the development of more sophisticated policy and management frameworks for not only ensuring their ongoing use but also protecting the future of our forests. Description Eric T. Jones is an instructor and research professor in the Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society at Oregon State University. Rebecca J. McLain is director of research at the National Policy Consensus Center at Portland State University. Susan Charnley is a research social scientist at the Pacific Northwest Research Station of the USDA Forest Service. James Weigand is an ecologist at the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. With a New Preface by Eric T. Jones, Rebecca J. McLain, Susan Charnley, and James Weigand. This Kansas Open Books title is funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program.https://digitalcommons.pittstate.edu/kansas_open_books/1035/thumbnail.jp

The separation of red blood cells based solely on intrinsic magnetization: Clinical and commercial implications

A rough estimate puts the cell isolation market at approximately $ 6 billion a year worldwide. One of the key commercial technologies uses antibodies conjugated to magnetic micro and nanoparticles (i.e Dynal beads or Miltenyi MACS systems). While clearly effective, whenever antibodies are used, whether conjugated to magnetic particles, or fluorescent molecules (such as used in FACS systems), there is always the issue of the sensitivity and specificity of the antibody for the targeted cell(s). This “issue”, amongst others, is the motivator for “label free” identification and separation technology. Removal of human red blood cells, hRBCs, from a blood or bone marrow sample for diagnostic, or therapeutic applications is a fundamental laboratory practice/procedure. While difficult to obtain precise numbers, it has been suggested that greater than a billion blood draws are conducted in the US each year. While for a majority of these blood draws an evaluation of the RBCs is an important part, there is still a very large number of tests that focus on the remaining blood components after the RBCs have been removed. While not nearly as common as a blood draw, more than 18,000 bone marrow or umbilical cord blood transplants were performed in the US in 2013. In the case of bone marrow transplants, the RBCs need to be removed prior to transfusion or cryopreservation, regardless of whether the donor and patient’s tissues match. Viewed from a mechanistic perspective, there are three primary methodologies to remove human RBCs, hRBCs, from a blood draw: 1) RBC lysis, 2) immunological based separation in which a RBC is bound with an affinity ligand which facilitates RBC removal, or 3) separation of the RBC from the nucleated cells based on density differences. The two most commonly used methods are the density difference methods with or without hydrophilic polysaccharide addition (e.g Ficoll density gradient based centrifugation, DGC,). When blood samples are only used for further analysis, the condition and the content of the sample after the RBC removal is only important with respect to how it affects the subsequent analysis; however, when the RBC depleted sample is destined for transfusion into a patient, significantly higher standards are required. We previously compared RBC removal using the Ficoll-based DGC to lysis protocols. Using either method would remove more than 99% of RBCs; however the average recovery of the spiked cancer cells was 73 and 89% for the Ficoll and RBC lysis, respectively. Poor recovery of targeted cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells, in the initial RBC depletion step is a problem in the bone marrow transplant/regenerative medicine community. In fact, several reports indicate that the recovery of nucleated cells from bone marrow, BMNCs, using Ficoll-based DGC, can be as low as 15-30%. Complementary to these reports, two recent papers suggest that cells with high regenerative potential, such as very small embryonic-like stem cells, VSELs and mesenchymal stromal cells are depleted with DGC. Finally, there are suggestions that Ficoll DGC can impair receptor function of the recovered cells. It is well established that deoxygenated RBCs are weakly paramagnetic; initially reported by Linus Pauling and coworkers in 1936. Melville and co-workers demonstrated in the mid 1970’s that RBCs can be captured using a ferromagnetic wire mesh when the cells are reduced (chemical turned into a state equivalent to the deoxy-state). More recently, we have demonstrated that RBCs can be captured in HGMS systems (i.e. Miltenyi Biotec MACS columns), magnetically deposited on slides, deposited on the wall of a channel, and continuous removed using a flow through separation system. While these studies demonstrate theoretically, and experimentally, that it is possible to separate RBCs based on intrinsic magnetization, the throughputs in these studies are orders of magnitude lower than needed to practically remove RBCs from a typical blood draw. In this presentation we will present our latest systems which we suggest can increase the throughputs by orders of magnitude which presents the potential for magnetic separation of RBCs to become a practical alternative to the currently used approaches

Characterization of mesostasis regions in lunar basalts: Understanding late-stage melt evolution and its influence on apatite formation

Recent studies geared toward understanding the volatile abundances of the lunar interior have focused on the volatile-bearing accessory mineral apatite. Translating measurements of volatile abundances in lunar apatite into the volatile inventory of the silicate melts from which they crystallized, and ultimately of the mantle source regions of lunar magmas, however, has proved more difficult than initially thought. In this contribution, we report a detailed characterization of mesostasis regions in four Apollo mare basalts (10044, 12064, 15058, and 70035) in order to ascertain the compositions of the melts from which apatite crystallized. The texture, modal mineralogy, and reconstructed bulk composition of these mesostasis regions vary greatly within and between samples. There is no clear relationship between bulk-rock basaltic composition and that of bulk-mesostasis regions, indicating that bulk-rock composition may have little influence on mesostasis compositions. The development of individual melt pockets, combined with the occurrence of silicate liquid immiscibility, exerts greater control on the composition and texture of mesostasis regions. In general, the reconstructed late-stage lunar melts have roughly andesitic to dacitic compositions with low alkali contents, displaying much higher SiO2 abundances than the bulk compositions of their host magmatic rocks. Relevant partition coefficients for apatite-melt volatile partitioning under lunar conditions should, therefore, be derived from experiments conducted using intermediate compositions instead of compositions representing mare basalts

A subpopulation of monocytes in normal human blood has significant magnetic susceptibility : quantification and potential implications

The presence of iron in circulating monocytes is well known as they play essential roles in iron recycling. Also, the storage of this metal as well as its incorrect uptake and/or release are important data to diagnose different pathologies. It has been demonstrated that iron storage in human blood cells can be measured through their magnetic behavior with high accuracy; however, the magnetic characteristics of monocytes have not been reported so far to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, in this work, we report, for the first time, the physical and magnetic properties of human monocytes, along with plasma platelets, oxyhemoglobin red blood cells (oxyHb‐RBCs), and methemoglobin red blood cells (metHb‐RBCs). The different cell populations were separated by Ficoll‐density gradient centrifugation, followed by a flow sorting step to isolate monocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The different fractions were analyzed by Coulter Counter (for determining the size distribution and concentration) and the sorted monocytes were qualitatively analyzed on ImageStream, a state‐of‐the‐art imaging cytometer. The analysis of the Coulter Counter and ImageStream data suggests that although there exists contamination in the monocyte fraction, the integrity of the sorted monocytes appears to be intact and the concentration was high enough to precisely measure their magnetic velocity by Cell Tracking Velocimetry. Surprisingly, monocytes reported the highest magnetic mobility from the four fractions under analysis, with an average magnetic velocity 7.8 times higher than MetHb‐RBCs, which is the only type of cells with positive magnetic velocities. This value is equivalent to a susceptibility 2.5 times higher than the value reported by fresh MetHb‐RBCs. It should be noted that this is the first study that reports that a subpopulation of human monocytes is much more magnetic than MetHb‐RBCs, opening the door to the possible isolation of human monocytes by label‐free magnetic techniques. Further, it is suggested that these magnetic monocytes could “contaminate” positively selected, immunomagnetically labeled blood cells (i.e., during a process using magnetically conjugated antibodies targeting cells, such as CD34 positive cells). Conversely, these magnetic monocytes could be inadvertently removed from a desired blood population when one is using a negative magnetic isolation technique to target cells for removal.The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (1R01HL131720-01A1) and DARPA (BAA07-21).https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/155249302020-05-01hj2019BiochemistryGeneticsMicrobiology and Plant PathologyPlant Production and Soil Scienc

High accuracy 234U(n,f) cross section in the resonance energy region

New results are presented of the 234U neutron-induced fission cross section, obtained with high accuracy in the resonance region by means of two methods using the 235U(n,f) as reference. The recent evaluation of the 235U(n,f) obtained with SAMMY by L. C. Leal et al. (these Proceedings), based on previous n-TOF data [1], has been used to calculate the 234U(n,f) cross section through the 234U/235U ratio, being here compared with the results obtained by using the n-TOF neutron flux

New molecular methods to assess biodiversity. Potentials and pitfalls of DNA metabarcoding: a workshop report

This report presents the outcome of the joint work of PhD students and senior researchers working with DNA-based biodiversity assessment approaches with the goal to facilitate others the access to definitions and explanations about novel DNA-based methods. The work was performed during a PhD course (SLU PNS0169) at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) in Uppsala, Sweden. The course was co-organized by the EU COST research network DNAqua-Net and the SLU Research Schools Focus on Soils and Water (FoSW) and Ecology - basics and applications. DNAqua-Net (COST Action CA15219, 2016-2020) is a network connecting researchers, water managers, politicians and other stakeholders with the aim to develop new genetic tools for bioassessment of aquatic ecosystems in Europe and beyond. The PhD course offered a comprehensive overview of the paradigm shift from traditional morphology-based species identification to novel identification approaches based on molecular markers. We covered the use of molecular tools in both basic research and applied use with a focus on aquatic ecosystem assessment, from species collection to the use of diversity in environmental legislation. The focus of the course was on DNA (meta)barcoding and aquatic organisms. The knowledge gained was shared with the general public by creating Wikipedia pages and through this collaborative Open Access publication, co-authored by all course participants

Priorities for research on neuromodulatory subcortical systems in Alzheimer's disease: Position paper from the NSS PIA of ISTAART

The neuromodulatory subcortical system (NSS) nuclei are critical hubs for survival, hedonic tone, and homeostasis. Tau-associated NSS degeneration occurs early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, long before the emergence of pathognomonic memory dysfunction and cortical lesions. Accumulating evidence supports the role of NSS dysfunction and degeneration in the behavioral and neuropsychiatric manifestations featured early in AD. Experimental studies even suggest that AD-associated NSS degeneration drives brain neuroinflammatory status and contributes to disease progression, including the exacerbation of cortical lesions. Given the important pathophysiologic and etiologic roles that involve the NSS in early AD stages, there is an urgent need to expand our understanding of the mechanisms underlying NSS vulnerability and more precisely detail the clinical progression of NSS changes in AD. Here, the NSS Professional Interest Area of the International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and Treatment highlights knowledge gaps about NSS within AD and provides recommendations for priorities specific to clinical research, biomarker development, modeling, and intervention. HIGHLIGHTS: Neuromodulatory nuclei degenerate in early Alzheimer's disease pathological stages. Alzheimer's pathophysiology is exacerbated by neuromodulatory nuclei degeneration. Neuromodulatory nuclei degeneration drives neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia. Biomarkers of neuromodulatory integrity would be value-creating for dementia care. Neuromodulatory nuclei present strategic prospects for disease-modifying therapies