The Use and Abuse of the Tort Benefit Rule in Wrongful Parentage Cases

Recovery of child-rearing damages in wrongful parentage cases has deeply divided courts across the United States. Depending on the state in which parents find themselves, they may be able to recover no, some, or all child-rearing damages. Despite the great divide in recovery schemes, all states, with the exception of the few that allow parents the opportunity to fully prove and recover all childrearing damages, have one thing in common: they severely abuse and misuse the tort benefit rule. This article examines the manner in which the benefit rule has been misused in wrongful parentage cases and illustrates how this misuse represents courts\u27 misunderstanding of the injury suffered by the plaintiffs. This article concludes that a proper application of the tort benefit rule and a proper understanding of the injury in wrongful parentage cases require courts to allow plaintiffs the opportunity to fully prove and recover all child-rearing damages

The Use and Abuse of the Tort Benefit Rule in Wrongful Parentage Cases

Recovery of child-rearing damages in wrongful parentage cases has deeply divided courts across the United States. Depending on the state in which parents find themselves, they may be able to recover no, some, or all child-rearing damages. Despite the great divide in recovery schemes, all states, with the exception of the few that allow parents the opportunity to fully prove and recover all childrearing damages, have one thing in common: they severely abuse and misuse the tort benefit rule. This article examines the manner in which the benefit rule has been misused in wrongful parentage cases and illustrates how this misuse represents courts\u27 misunderstanding of the injury suffered by the plaintiffs. This article concludes that a proper application of the tort benefit rule and a proper understanding of the injury in wrongful parentage cases require courts to allow plaintiffs the opportunity to fully prove and recover all child-rearing damages

Forbedringspotensial ved erfaringsbasert risikostyring i byggebransjen

Formålet med oppgaven er å kartlegge hvordan risikostyringen foregår i utviklingen og gjennomføringen av et byggeprosjekt. Oppgaven er en case-oppgave av Kruse Smith Entreprenør Region Vest, og gjennom kartleggingen fokuseres det på mangler og forbedringspotensial ved Kruse Smith metoden samt ansattes holdninger rundt risikostyring. Det forsøkes å svare på hvordan Kruse Smith kan forbedre sin økonomiske risikostyring i utvikling og gjennomføring av prosjekt. Oppgaven har et eksplorerende forskningsdesign og bruker i hovedsak kvalitativ metode. Empirisk data er innhentet gjennom syv personlige intervju med ansatte i Kruse Smith. Videre er det gjort en kvantitativ analyse for å kartlegge typiske risikomoment. Denne er brukt som et supplement til kvalitativ data. Avhandlingen har avdekket mangler og forbedringspotensial i risikostyringen av prosjekt. Et større utvalg av erfaring og kompetanse vil bedre bruken av Wisdom og Crowds-prinsippet, og forbedre identifisering og tallfesting av risikomoment ved erfaringsbaserte vurderinger. Det er videre avdekket mangler i informasjonsutveksling og forberedelse i forkant av riskostyringsverktøyet RPU - Risikovurdering i prosjektutvikling. I risikostyringsverktøyet RPG - Risikovurdering i prosjektgjennomføring etterlyses det å bli utfordret av ledelse i større grad for kvalitetssikre vurderingene. Videre ønskes det retningslinjer for hvordan muligheter og trusler til risikomoment skal tallfestes. Det er også forbedringspotensial i form av kontinuerlig læring og forbedring i og mellom prosjekt, og det kan forfølges muligheter i større grad. Risikomoment med store muligheter og trusler tilhører kategoriene med størst kontraktsverdi, og i denne sammenheng trekkes Byggherre og kontrakt, Rigg og drift og Organisasjon og ledelse frem. For å bedre Kruse Smith sin økonomiske risikostyring bør det derfor fokuseres på disse i utvikling og gjennomføring av prosjekt.The purpose of the thesis is to map how risk management takes place in the development and execution of a construction project. The thesis is a case study of Kruse Smith Entrepreneur Region West. The study focuses on weaknesses and prospects for the development of the Kruse Smith method, as well as employees’ attitudes towards risk management. The thesis aims to address how Kruse Smith can improve their economic risk management in the development and implementation of projects. The thesis used an exploratory research design and applied a qualitative method. Empirical data were obtained through seven interviews with Kruse Smith officials. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis was employed to map common categories that are exposed to risk, as a supplement to the qualitative study. The dissertation uncovered shortcomings and potential for improvement in the risk management of projects. A broader range of experience and knowledge will improve the Wisdom and Crowds approach. In addition, it has been identified shortcomings in the preparations of the risk tool RPU – Risk assessment in project development. In RPG - Risk assessment in project implementation, there is a desire for more involvement from management and external parties. Furthermore, there is a demand for guidelines in quantifying the opportunities and threats. In addition, there is potential to learn from previous projects, and opportunities can also be pursued to a greater extent. Risk factors with great opportunities and threats belong to the risk categories with the greatest contract value, and in this context the Client and contract, Rig and operation, and Organization and management are highlighted

Forbedringspotensial ved erfaringsbasert risikostyring i byggebransjen

Formålet med oppgaven er å kartlegge hvordan risikostyringen foregår i utviklingen og gjennomføringen av et byggeprosjekt. Oppgaven er en case-oppgave av Kruse Smith Entreprenør Region Vest, og gjennom kartleggingen fokuseres det på mangler og forbedringspotensial ved Kruse Smith metoden samt ansattes holdninger rundt risikostyring. Det forsøkes å svare på hvordan Kruse Smith kan forbedre sin økonomiske risikostyring i utvikling og gjennomføring av prosjekt. Oppgaven har et eksplorerende forskningsdesign og bruker i hovedsak kvalitativ metode. Empirisk data er innhentet gjennom syv personlige intervju med ansatte i Kruse Smith. Videre er det gjort en kvantitativ analyse for å kartlegge typiske risikomoment. Denne er brukt som et supplement til kvalitativ data. Avhandlingen har avdekket mangler og forbedringspotensial i risikostyringen av prosjekt. Et større utvalg av erfaring og kompetanse vil bedre bruken av Wisdom og Crowds-prinsippet, og forbedre identifisering og tallfesting av risikomoment ved erfaringsbaserte vurderinger. Det er videre avdekket mangler i informasjonsutveksling og forberedelse i forkant av riskostyringsverktøyet RPU - Risikovurdering i prosjektutvikling. I risikostyringsverktøyet RPG - Risikovurdering i prosjektgjennomføring etterlyses det å bli utfordret av ledelse i større grad for kvalitetssikre vurderingene. Videre ønskes det retningslinjer for hvordan muligheter og trusler til risikomoment skal tallfestes. Det er også forbedringspotensial i form av kontinuerlig læring og forbedring i og mellom prosjekt, og det kan forfølges muligheter i større grad. Risikomoment med store muligheter og trusler tilhører kategoriene med størst kontraktsverdi, og i denne sammenheng trekkes Byggherre og kontrakt, Rigg og drift og Organisasjon og ledelse frem. For å bedre Kruse Smith sin økonomiske risikostyring bør det derfor fokuseres på disse i utvikling og gjennomføring av prosjekt.The purpose of the thesis is to map how risk management takes place in the development and execution of a construction project. The thesis is a case study of Kruse Smith Entrepreneur Region West. The study focuses on weaknesses and prospects for the development of the Kruse Smith method, as well as employees’ attitudes towards risk management. The thesis aims to address how Kruse Smith can improve their economic risk management in the development and implementation of projects. The thesis used an exploratory research design and applied a qualitative method. Empirical data were obtained through seven interviews with Kruse Smith officials. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis was employed to map common categories that are exposed to risk, as a supplement to the qualitative study. The dissertation uncovered shortcomings and potential for improvement in the risk management of projects. A broader range of experience and knowledge will improve the Wisdom and Crowds approach. In addition, it has been identified shortcomings in the preparations of the risk tool RPU – Risk assessment in project development. In RPG - Risk assessment in project implementation, there is a desire for more involvement from management and external parties. Furthermore, there is a demand for guidelines in quantifying the opportunities and threats. In addition, there is potential to learn from previous projects, and opportunities can also be pursued to a greater extent. Risk factors with great opportunities and threats belong to the risk categories with the greatest contract value, and in this context the Client and contract, Rig and operation, and Organization and management are highlighted

The effect of alternate-day feeding on growth and feed conversion in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

This study aimed to investigate the effect of alternating feeding (Alt) compared with control being fed every day (Con) in the on-growth face of Atlantic cod. Individually marked fish (198 and 98 in the Con and Alt groups, respectively) was sampled for weight and length on 6 occasions over a 15-month period, where mean weight increased from 628 and 758 g to 2635 and 3041 g, for the Con and Alt groups, respectively. Feeding alternate day resulted in 13 percentage more weight gain in the alternating feeding group (2283 vs. 2007 g) and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR, 1.07) compared with control (FCR 1.45). The Alt group consumed significantly less feed (27%) compared with control. The results demonstrate that feeding costs can be drastically reduced without compromising biomass growth by using feeding on alternate days during the on-growing period of Atlantic cod.publishedVersio

Cortisol and testosterone accumulation in a low pH recirculating aquaculture system for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Steroids accumulate in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), although explanatory factors for such accumulation are still poorly explored. This study investigated the effect of water exchange rate and pH in six replicated RAS on the concentration of the stress hormone cortisol in rainbow trout blood plasma and in the holding water and of the sex steroids testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) and 17,20-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (17,20-P) over a 70-day experimental period. Three combinations of water exchange rate and pH were used each treatment, with two replications: (i) high water exchange rate (+/- 1700Lkg(-1) feed) and neutral pH (+/- 7.3), (ii) low water exchange rate (+/- 500Lkg(-1) feed) and neutral pH (+/- 7.3) and (iii) low water exchange rate (+/- 500Lkg(-1) feed) and low pH (+/- 5.8). Plasma cortisol concentrations at day 70 were higher (24.4 +/- 9.5ngmL(-1)) for fish kept at low pH when compared to fish kept at neutral pH (12.0 +/- 0.1 and 8.7 +/- 0.2ngmL(-1)). Water cortisol and testosterone concentrations at day 35 were higher at low pH than at neutral pH, whereas water 11-KT and 17,20-P did not differ among treatments. At day 70, there were no significant differences between low and high pH. These results demonstrate that low pH contributes to increased plasma cortisol concentrations and to its accumulation in water, possibly indicating a stress response to low pH. The higher concentration of testosterone but not of the other sex hormones point to unspecified reproductive effects that need further investigation.PhD scholarship - FCT - the National Foundation for Science and Technology of Portugal through QREN-POPH Advanced Training European Social Fund and National funds (MEC) [SFRH/BD/65673/2009]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Processing of inconsistent emotional information: an fMRI study

Previous studies investigating the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) have relied on a number of tasks which involved cognitive control and attentional demands. In this fMRI study, we tested the model that ACC functions as an attentional network in the processing of language. We employed a paradigm that requires the processing of concurrent linguistic information predicting that the cognitive costs imposed by competing trials would engender the activation of ACC. Subjects were confronted with sentences where the semantic content conflicted with the prosodic intonation (CONF condition) randomly interspaced with sentences which conveyed coherent discourse components (NOCONF condition). We observed the activation of the rostral ACC and the middle frontal gyrus when the NOCONF condition was subtracted from the CONF condition. Our findings provide evidence for the involvement of the rostral ACC in the processing of complex competing linguistic stimuli, supporting theories that claim its relevance as a part of the cortical attentional circuit. The processing of emotional prosody involved a bilateral network encompassing the superior and medial temporal cortices. This evidence confirms previous research investigating the neuronal network that supports the processing of emotional information

Supplemental Information 7: Statement of purpose/rationale for systematic review

Language lateralisation refers to the phenomenon in which one hemisphere (typically the left) shows greater involvement in language functions than the other. Measurement of laterality is of interest both to researchers investigating the neural organisation of the language system and to clinicians needing to establish an individual’s hemispheric dominance for language prior to surgery, as in patients with intractable epilepsy. Recently, there has been increasing awareness of the possibility that different language processes may develop hemispheric lateralisation independently, and to varying degrees. However, it is not always clear whether differences in laterality across language tasks with fMRI are reflective of meaningful variation in hemispheric lateralisation, or simply of trivial methodological differences between paradigms. This systematic review aims to assess different language tasks in terms of the strength, reliability and robustness of the laterality measurements they yield with fMRI, to look at variability that is both dependent and independent of aspects of study design, such as the baseline task, region of interest, and modality of the stimuli. Recommendations are made that can be used to guide task design; however, this review predominantly highlights that the current high level of methodological variability in language paradigms prevents conclusions as to how different language functions may lateralise independently. We conclude with suggestions for future research using tasks that engage distinct aspects of language functioning, whilst being closely matched on non-linguistic aspects of task design (e.g., stimuli, task timings etc); such research could produce more reliable and conclusive insights into language lateralisation. This systematic review was registered as a protocol on Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/5vmpt/