Bariery i możliwości rozwoju tanich linii lotniczych w Europie. Studium przypadku Polski i Portugalii

Travelling by air transport surpasses all other existing means of transportation. According to the UNWTO data, in 2014, more than half of all tourists travelled to their destinations by air. This success is expressed, among other things, in the rapid expansion of routes and strong growth in demand. With low-cost carriers (LCC) it has become an essential form of air transport to peripheral regions such as Portugal or “new” destinations in CEE countries, e.g. Poland. In 2016, Portuguese airports handled 40.9 million passengers on international flights, of whom about 47% travelled using LCC flights, whereas in Poland, in 2017, Polish airports handled nearly 5 million passengers with 57.3% share of LCC. The purpose of this article is to analyze some of the factors that influenced the success of LCCs in the two countries, and their strengthened role in the aviation market.W ciągu ostatniego dziesięciolecia nastąpił wyraźny wzrost częstotliwości korzystania z transportu lotniczego w Europie. Było to związane z pojawieniem się nowego segmentu działającego w sektorze linii lotniczych, czyli przewoźników niskokosztowych. W artykule dokonano analizy wpływu dostępności infrastruktury regionalnych portów lotniczych na kontynuowanie występującej tendencji na przykładzie dwóch peryferyjnie położonych europejskich destynacji – Polski (do 2004 r. obszar stosunkowo „odizolowany” od mobilności typowej dla Europy Zachodniej) i Portugalii. Jak pokazują przeprowadzone analizy, udział tanich linii w analizowanych rynkach jest duży i wykazuje tendencję wzrostową. W 2016 r. lotniska w Portugalii obsłużyły 40,9 mln pasażerów zagranicznych, z czego około 47% przypadło na tanie linie. Na rynku polskim natomiast w 2017 r. udział ten oszacowano na poziomie prawie 60%

Innovative research methods in health social sciences : an introduction

Innovative, or creative research, methods have become increasingly popular in the last few decades. In this chapter, I will include several salient issues on which chapters in the section on “Innovative Research Methods in Health Social Sciences” can be situated. First, I discuss some ideas about innovative and creative methods. This is followed with the notion of those who practice innovative methods: the innovative researcher. I will then bring readers through a number of innovative and creative methods that researchers have adopted in their research. These include the theoretical lens, arts-based and visual research methods, the body and embodiment research, digital methods, and textual (plus visual) methods of inquiry. As an innovative researcher, our choice of innovative methods primarily depends on the questions we pose; the people who are involved; our moral, ethical, and methodological competence as researchers; and the sociocultural environment of the research. As we are living in the world that continue to change, it is likely that health and social science researchers will continue to experiment with their creative methods in order to ensure the success of their research. I anticipate that in the future, we will see even more creative methods that researchers will bring forth

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved