Employee welfare and collective bargaining in exposed and protected sectors: Evidence from Poland and Serbia

Part of the Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe seriesCollective bargaining is closely related to social policy making to the extent that the outcomes of the former inform and influence social policy agenda. It is widely held, however, that trade unions in Central Eastern Europe (CEE) do not have a strong bargaining position and thus exert little impact on policy decisions. This paper challenges the view of CEE labour as a uniformly weak actor. It argues that CEE unions’ ability to shape the bargaining agenda and social policies depends largely on the degree of privatisation, which overlaps with sectoral divisions. We find that unions in exposed sectors are unable to oppose greater flexibility even when there are no considerable wage gains, whereas workers in protected sectors manage to maintain their status and at times even enhance their welfare, both in terms of higher wages and better working conditions

High-normal blood pressure, functional capacity and left heart mechanics: is there any connection?

Objective. To evaluate the relationship between functional capacity and left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) myocardial deformation, assessed by two- and three-dimensional (2DE and 3DE) strain analysis, in subjects with high-normal blood pressure (BP). Methods. This cross-sectional study included 64 subjects with optimal BP and 75 subjects with high-normal BP of similar gender and age. All the subjects underwent a complete 2DE and 3DE examination and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Results. 3DE global longitudinal strain was significantly lower in the group with high-normal BP than in the optimal BP group (- 20.1 ± 2.4 vs - 18.5 ± 2.3%, p < 0.001). Similar results were obtained for 3DE global circumferential strain (- 21.8 ± 2.6 vs - 19.3 ± 2.4%, p < 0.001), as well as for 3DE global radial strain (45.1 ± 8.8 vs 42.3 ± 7.2%, p = 0.042), and 3DE global area strain (- 30.1 ± 4.2 vs - 28.1 ± 3.8%, p < 0.001). LV twist was similar between the observed groups, whereas untwisting rate was significantly decreased in the subjects with high-normal BP (- 123 ± 30 vs - 112 ± 26°/s, p = 0.023). Peak VO2 was significantly lower in the high-normal BP group (30.8 ± 4 vs 28.3 ± 3.7 ml/kg/min, p < 0.001). 2DE LV ejection fraction (β = 0.38, p = 0.014), 2DE global longitudinal strain (β = 0.35, p = 0.019) and 3DE global longitudinal strain (β = 0.27, p = 0.042) were independently associated with peak VO2. Conclusion. LV and LA mechanics, as well as functional capacity are significantly impaired in the subjects with high-normal BP. LV and LA myocardial deformations are associated with peak oxygen uptake

Elective cancer surgery in COVID-19-free surgical pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: An international, multicenter, comparative cohort study

PURPOSE As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19–free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19–free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19–free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19–free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score–matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19–free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Elective Cancer Surgery in COVID-19-Free Surgical Pathways During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Comparative Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19-free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19-free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS: Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19-free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19-free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score-matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION: Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19-free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

EU regional development policy in the accession countries : opportunistic decentralization, fiscal risks, and the premature death of multi-level governance

The EU's view of decentralization in regional development policy has made a sharp U-turn since the 1990s. The earlier emphasis on the strengthening of local developmental agency in the accession countries has been replaced by renewed enthusiasim for centralization. One justification for this turn is that decentralization amplifies fiscal imbalances, encouraging excessive borrowing at the local level, thus undermining the overall fiscal stability. Drawing on the in-depth study of one such case - the rapid accumulation of municipal debt in Montenegro - this paper makes several arguments against such a simplistic view. First, the fiscal opportunism and soft budget constraints that fuelled the debt crisis have been spurred on not by decentralization, but by partial decentralization, i.e. the ambiguous division of powers between levels of government. Second, while most corrective measures proposed by international advisors focus on the behaviour of local authorities, fiscal imbalances at the subnational level are just as likely to be fomented by the opportunism of the central government. This suggests that re-centralization is unlikely to ensure fiscal consolidation, and may even be counterproductive. A more promising strategy would be to strengthen the competencies and competences of local authorities, clearly delineating their developmental responsibilities and improving their capacity to exercise them

Reconciling Work and Welfare in Europe A Network of Excellence of the European Commission&apos;s Sixth Framework Programme Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe Employee welfare and collective bargaining in exposed and protected se

The Working Papers on the Reconciliation of Work and Welfare in Europe series seeks to promote the diffusion of research and research integration activities taking place within the network and being produced by other researchers working on issues of work and welfare in Europe. Working papers are published either within the framework of a series of closed calls, which follow the different stages in the life-cycle of the network&apos;s activities, or as part of an open call, which aims to privilege both research focussed on cross-national comparative analysis of the various tensions between work and welfare and research focussed on the role of the European level in addressing these tensions. All papers are peer-reviewed. Anil Duman is currently an assistant professor at CEU. Her research interests include labour market institutions, social security regimes and their interactions. She is involved in several research projects analyzing the transformations in social protection systems in transition countries. Vera Scepanovic is a PhD student at Central European University. Her current work deals with the impact of foreign investment in automobile industry on local development and competition in East Central Europe, and her broader interests lie in the field of political economy of transition, labour relations, patterns of governance and dynamics of industrial development. Abstract Collective bargaining is closely related to social policy making to the extent that the outcomes of the former inform and influence social policy agenda. It is widely held, however, that trade unions in Central Eastern Europe (CEE) do not have a strong bargaining position and thus exert little impact on policy decisions. This paper challenges the view of CEE labour as a uniformly weak actor. It argues that CEE unions&apos; ability to shape the bargaining agenda and social policies depends largely on the degree of privatisation, which overlaps with sectoral divisions. We find that unions in exposed sectors are unable to oppose greater flexibility even when there are no considerable wage gains, whereas workers in protected sectors manage to maintain their status and at times even enhance their welfare, both in terms of higher wages and better working conditions

The institutional embeddedness of transnational corporations : dependent capitalism in Central and Eastern Europe

This chapter explores the consequences of dependence on transnational capital for the institutional structures of four East Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Poland. These countries have been very successful in attracting foreign capital, and have geared their institutional systems to attract and embed foreign corporations. The chapter argues that a combination of state efforts, activities of foreign corporations themselves and the European Union has led to the emergence of a transnationalized institutional sphere that supports the operations of outside firms. These transnational institutional solutions have emerged and exist independently of institutions geared towards the domestic sector, creating a segmented institutional environment. This segmentation has allowed only some fractions of domestic capital to survive in the shadow of the dominant model of dependent capitalism. However, with the recent ideological shift in the region, the domestic institutional segments may also become springboards for the politicians or domestic businessmen to attempt the construction of more ‘national’ forms of capitalism

Dual training in Europe : a policy fad or a policy turn?

Since the start of the global financial crisis Europe has experienced a new enthusiasm for dual vocational education and training (VET). The EU itself has actively promoted the benefits of dual VET to its members, offering financial and organisational support for the introduction of apprenticeships into the formal educational systems. However, while dual VET is widely considered to be a valuable tool for easing the transition into the labour market for young people, it is also a form of skill formation that requires a lot of coordination not only between the schools and firms that carry out the training, but also among the firms themselves and between employer and employee organisations. In this introduction we argue that whereas the EU has been successful in encouraging establishment of dual VET in all its member countries, its implementation has been very uneven. This is due in part to the pre-existing differences in the underlying organisational structures, but also to the ongoing demographic, technological, and institutional changes - some caused by European integration itself - which weaken firms' incentives to train