Способи здійснення платежів на валютному ринку та їх особливості

Еволюцію послуг валютного ринку можна розглядати порівнюючи два основні типи платежів – трасування та ремітування. Вони, головним чином, набули розвитку в період Першої світової війни та частково 40-х років ХХ століття. Трасування, як термін, походить від назви перевідного векселя – тратти. За платежу за системою трасування кредитор здійснює виписку тратти на боржника у валюті останнього. Для прикладу, якщо кредитор знаходиться в Японії, але висуває боржнику з Великобританії вимогу щодо сплати боргу не в єнах, а у фунтах стерлінгів

BioTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene.

MotivationThe BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community-led open-source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene.Main types of variables includedThe database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record.Spatial location and grainBioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km2 (158 cm2) to 100 km2 (1,000,000,000,000 cm2).Time period and grainBioTIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year.Major taxa and level of measurementBioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates.Software format.csv and .SQL

Meta-analysis of multidecadal biodiversity trends in Europe

Local biodiversity trends over time are likely to be decoupled from global trends, as local processes may compensate or counteract global change. We analyze 161 long-term biological time series (15-91 years) collected across Europe, using a comprehensive dataset comprising similar to 6,200 marine, freshwater and terrestrial taxa. We test whether (i) local long-term biodiversity trends are consistent among biogeoregions, realms and taxonomic groups, and (ii) changes in biodiversity correlate with regional climate and local conditions. Our results reveal that local trends of abundance, richness and diversity differ among biogeoregions, realms and taxonomic groups, demonstrating that biodiversity changes at local scale are often complex and cannot be easily generalized. However, we find increases in richness and abundance with increasing temperature and naturalness as well as a clear spatial pattern in changes in community composition (i.e. temporal taxonomic turnover) in most biogeoregions of Northern and Eastern Europe. The global biodiversity decline might conceal complex local and group-specific trends. Here the authors report a quantitative synthesis of longterm biodiversity trends across Europe, showing how, despite overall increase in biodiversity metric and stability in abundance, trends differ between regions, ecosystem types, and taxa.peerReviewe

Volume rendering: the added value of stereo in real-life applications

Volume rendering is a well known visualization technique for volumetric scalar data. Several publications already described the acceleration of this technique when using the graphical processing unit (GPU). This enables real-time viewpoint manipulations which, in turn, facilitates the interpretation. Stereo, where two slightly different images are generated for each eye, proved to be a valuable addition to this. Mostly because, apart from shading and motion parallax, stereo is one of the most important depth cues available in this context. We have written a fully object-oriented C++ framework that contains software for both GPU accelerated volume rendering and stereo image generation. Using this, the benefits of stereo are presented in a qualitative fashion. One example show how it helps doctors with the examination of CT scans, a second illustrates the benefits for other applications, here the analysis of volume data originating from material science simulations.nrpages: 4status: publishe