Оценка качества воды подземных источников питьевого водоснабжения Винницкой области

Виконано оцінку якості підземних вод найбільш поширеного в регіоні водоносного комплексу в тріщинуватій зоні кристалічних порід докембрію як джерела питного водопостачання Вінниччини з використанням сучасних підходів на прикладі репрезентативної ділянки Вінницького району. Отримані результати дозволили охарактеризувати підземні води як «відмінні», дуже чисті за блоками органолептичних, мікробіологічних, паразитологічних показників і показників радіаційної безпеки (1 клас), що повністю задовольняло нормативні вимоги до питної води; як перехідні за якістю від «відмінних», дуже чистих до «добрих», чистих за блоками токсикологічних показників хімічного складу води і загальносанітарних хімічних показників (2 клас). Встановлено загальний перелік пріоритетних показників якості води, які були визначальними при виборі сучасних методів водопіготовки. Виявлено, що до таких відносяться жорсткість загальна, залізо загальне, манган і ряд токсикологічних компонентів, природний вміст яких відповідав 2 класу якості, але перевищував нормативні вимоги до питної води (алюміній, нікель, свинець). Запропоновано сучасні методи інтенсифікації процесів кондиціювання води за пріоритетними показниками, які можуть використовуватися при добуванні і експлуатації підземних джерел водопостачання.The estimation of the quality of underground waters was performed of prevailing on the territory of aquifer complex in the area fractured zone Precambrian crystalline rocks as the sources of drinking water supply of Vinnytsia region based on the most current approaches on the example of the representative area of Vinnytsia region. The received results allowed to characterize the underground waters as “excellent”, very clean according to the blocks organoleptic, microbiological, parasitological indicators and indicators of radiation safety (class 1), which fully satisfy regulatory requirements for drinking water; as transitional in quality from “excellent”, very clean to “good”, clean according to the blocks of toxicological indicators of the chemical composition of water and general sanitary of chemical indicators (class 2). A general list of priority indicators of water quality was established, which will be determinative when choosing modern methods of water conditioning. It was found out that these ones included total water hardness, total iron, manganese and a range of toxicological components, natural level of which corresponded to class 2 in quality, but exceeded regulatory requirements for drinking water (aluminum, nickel, lead). According to the established priority indicators modern methods of intensification of the processes of water conditioning were offered. Those methods can be used during production and exploitation of groundwater sources.Выполнена оценка качества подземных вод наиболее распространенного в регионе водоносного комплекса в трещинной зоне кристаллических пород докембрия как источника питьевого водоснабжения Винницкой области с использованием современных подходов на примере репрезентативного участка Винницкого района. Полученные результаты позволили охарактеризовать подземные воды как «отличные», очень чистые по блокам органолептических, микробиологических, паразитологических показателей и показателей радиационной безопасности (1 класс), что полностью удовлетворяло нормативные требования к питьевой воде; как переходные по качеству от «отличных», очень чистых к «хорошим», чистым по блокам токсикологических показателей химического состава воды и общесанитарных химических показателей (2 класс). Определен общий перечень приоритетных показателей качества воды, которые являются определяющими при выборе современных методов водоподготовки. Выявлено, что к таким относятся жесткость общая, железо общее, марганец и ряд токсикологических компонентов, природное количество которых соответствовало 2 классу качества, но при этом превышало нормативные требования к питьевой воде (алюминий, никель, свинец). Предложены современные методы интенсификации процессов кондиционирования воды по приоритетным показателям, которые могут быть использованы при добыче и эксплуатации подземных источников водоснабжения

Microstratigraphic preservation of ancient faunal and hominin DNA in Pleistocene cave sediments

Ancient DNA recovered from Pleistocene sediments represents a rich resource for the study of past hominin and environmental diversity. However, little is known about how DNA is preserved in sediments and the extent to which it may be translocated between archaeological strata. Here, we investigate DNA preservation in 47 blocks of resin-impregnated archaeological sediment collected over the last four decades for micromorphological analyses at 13 prehistoric sites in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America and show that such blocks can preserve DNA of hominins and other mammals. Extensive microsampling of sediment blocks from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains reveals that the taxonomic composition of mammalian DNA differs drastically at the millimeter-scale and that DNA is concentrated in small particles, especially in fragments of bone and feces (coprolites), suggesting that these are substantial sources of DNA in sediments. Three microsamples taken in close proximity in one of the blocks yielded Neanderthal DNA from at least two male individuals closely related to Denisova 5, a Neanderthal toe bone previously recovered from the same layer. Our work indicates that DNA can remain stably localized in sediments over time and provides a means of linking genetic information to the archaeological and ecological records on a microstratigraphic scale

Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in Papuans

Genome sequences are known for two archaic hominins—Neanderthals and Denisovans—which interbred with anatomically modern humans as they dispersed out of Africa. We identified high-confidence archaic haplotypes in 161 new genomes spanning 14 island groups in Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea and found large stretches of DNA that are inconsistent with a single introgressing Denisovan origin. Instead, modern Papuans carry hundreds of gene variants from two deeply divergent Denisovan lineages that separated over 350 thousand years ago. Spatial and temporal structure among these lineages suggest that introgression from one of these Denisovan groups predominantly took place east of the Wallace line and continued until near the end of the Pleistocene. A third Denisovan lineage occurs in modern East Asians. This regional mosaic suggests considerable complexity in archaic contact, with modern humans interbreeding with multiple Denisovan groups that were geographically isolated from each other over deep evolutionary time

Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from Pleistocene sediments.

Although a rich record of Pleistocene human-associated archaeological assemblages exists, the scarcity of hominin fossils often impedes the understanding of which hominins occupied a site. Using targeted enrichment of mitochondrial DNA we show that cave sediments represent a rich source of ancient mammalian DNA that often includes traces of hominin DNA, even at sites and in layers where no hominin remains have been discovered. By automation-assisted screening of numerous sediment samples we detect Neandertal DNA in eight archaeological layers from four caves in Eurasia. In Denisova Cave we retrieved Denisovan DNA in a Middle Pleistocene layer near the bottom of the stratigraphy. Our work opens the possibility to detect the presence of hominin groups at sites and in areas where no skeletal remains are found

Genotyping of Capreolus pygargus Fossil DNA from Denisova Cave Reveals Phylogenetic Relationships between Ancient and Modern Populations

BACKGROUND: The extant roe deer (Capreolus Gray, 1821) includes two species: the European roe deer (C. capreolus) and the Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus) that are distinguished by morphological and karyotypical differences. The Siberian roe deer occupies a vast area of Asia and is considerably less studied than the European roe deer. Modern systematics of the Siberian roe deer remain controversial with 4 morphological subspecies. Roe deer fossilized bones are quite abundant in Denisova cave (Altai Mountains, South Siberia), where dozens of both extant and extinct mammalian species from modern Holocene to Middle Pleistocene have been retrieved. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We analyzed a 629 bp fragment of the mitochondrial control region from ancient bones of 10 Holocene and four Pleistocene Siberian roe deer from Denisova cave as well as 37 modern specimen belonging to populations from Altai, Tian Shan (Kyrgyzstan), Yakutia, Novosibirsk region and the Russian Far East. Genealogical reconstructions indicated that most Holocene haplotypes were probably ancestral for modern roe deer populations of Western Siberia and Tian Shan. One of the Pleistocene haplotypes was possibly ancestral for modern Yakutian populations, and two extinct Pleistocene haplotypes were close to modern roe deer from Tian Shan and Yakutia. Most modern geographical populations (except for West Siberian Plains) are heterogeneous and there is some tentative evidence for structure. However, we did not find any distinct phylogenetic signal characterizing particular subspecies in either modern or ancient samples. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Analysis of mitochondrial DNA from both ancient and modern samples of Siberian roe deer shed new light on understanding the evolutionary history of roe deer. Our data indicate that during the last 50,000 years multiple replacements of populations of the Siberian roe deer took place in the Altai Mountains correlating with climatic changes. The Siberian roe deer represent a complex and heterogeneous species with high migration rates and without evident subspecies structure. Low genetic diversity of the West Siberian Plain population indicates a recent bottleneck or founder effect

The complete genome sequence of a Neandertal from the Altai Mountains

We present a high-quality genome sequence of a Neandertal woman from Siberia. We show that her parents were related at the level of half siblings and that mating among close relatives was common among her recent ancestors. We also sequenced the genome of a Neandertal from the Caucasus to low coverage. An analysis of the relationships and population history of available archaic genomes and 25 present-day human genomes shows that several gene flow events occurred among Neandertals, Denisovans and early modern humans, possibly including gene flow into Denisovans from an unknown archaic group. Thus, interbreeding, albeit of low magnitude, occurred among many hominin groups in the Late Pleistocene. In addition, the high quality Neandertal genome allows us to establish a definitive list of substitutions that became fixed in modern humans after their separation from the ancestors of Neandertals and Denisovans

On periodic groups with narrow spectrum

We study groups with no elements of big orders. We prove that if the set of element orders of G is {1, 2, 3, 4, p, 9}, where p ∈ {7, 5}, then G is locally finite.We study groups with no elements of big orders. We prove that if the set of element orders of G is {1, 2, 3, 4, p, 9}, where p a {7, 5}, then G is locally finite