Comparison and Evaluation of the Amount of Dentin Removal by Protaper Gold, Hyflex EDM, ESX (Brasseler) and Vortex Blue Assessed by Cone Beam Computed Tomography

AIM OF THE STUDY: To compare and evaluate the amount of dentin removal by ProTaper Gold, Hyflex EDM, Vortex Blue and ESX (Brasseler) assessed by Cone Beam Computed Tomography. METHODOLOGY: A total of 40 human maxillary first premolars that showed no caries, cracks, or developmental defects were selected. Each premolar tooth was embedded vertically into fabricated occlusal rims to a level of 2 mm below the CEJ. Pre-operative dentin thickness was measured within the axial plane at three specific locations (2.0, 6.0 & 10.0 mm) from the canal orifice of the tooth along the canal wall for each respective tooth using KODAK 9000 limited field cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Desktop computer equipped with ITKSNAP (www.itksnap.org USA) software and supporting hardware was used to make dentin thickness measurements. In all samples, access cavity preparation was done conventionally using Endo access bur and working length (WL) was established 1 mm shorter than the radiographic apex using a size 10 K-flile. The teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the NiTi file systems used: ProTaper Gold group (n = 10), Hyflex EDM group (n = 10), and ESX group (n = 10), Vortex Blue (n=10). Chemo-mechanical preparation of the root canals was done using respective files according to the manufacturer’s instructions. All root specimens were imaged again by CBCT scanner. The dentin thickness was measured at levels 2.0, 6.0 & 10.0 mm from the root canal orifice using ITKSNAP software and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The mean values obtained by Oneway ANOVA shows that at a level of 2mm, amount of dentin removal(mm) was highly significant at buccal & palatal aspect (p0.05). At a level of 6mm, amount of dentin removal (mm) has no statistical significance at buccal aspect (p>0.05), where as it was significant at palatal aspect (p<0.05) and highly significant at mesial & distal aspects (p<0.01). Whereas at a level of 10mm, amount of dentin removal (mm) was statistically significant at all aspects (buccal, palatal, mesial & distal) (p<0.01). The results obtained from multiple comparisons between various groups using Tukey’s post hoc test shows that, ProTaper Gold file system has better dentin removal at buccal & palatal aspects at 2mm level (from the root canal orifice) when compared to ESX, Hyflex EDM & Vortex Blue files. At 6mm level, ProTaper Gold showed better dentin removal than other file systems at all aspects except at the palatal aspect where ESX file has removed more amount of dentin. At 10mm level, ProTaper Gold showed more amount of dentin removal at all aspects except at the distal aspect where both ProTaper Gold and ESX file systems have removed similar amount of dentin. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study it was concluded that, ProTaper Gold has removed more dentin in all aspects (buccal, mesial & distal) at all levels (2mm, 6mm & 10mm) except in the palatal aspect at 6mm level where ESX was found to remove more dentin and also ESX showed similar amount of dentin removal in distal aspect at 10mm level. On comparing ProTaper Gold, Hyflex EDM, ESX & Vortex Blue, it was found that ProTaper Gold removed more amounts of dentin at all levels followed by ESX. Whereas, Hyflex EDM and Vortex Blue file systems have showed similar amount of dentin removal

Rapid, photoinduced electron transfer-modulated, turn-on fluorescent probe for detection and cellular imaging of biologically significant thiols

© 2014 American Chemical Society. There is a very limited number of existing probes whose fluorescence is turned on in the presence of the class of biological thiols made up of glutathione, cysteine, and homocysteine. The extant probes for this class of biological thiols commonly have poor aqueous solubility and long analyte response times, and they demand a very high probe/thiol ratio for decreased time of significant reporter signal generation; knowledge regarding their selectivity with respect to other sulfur-based analytes is unclear. Described here is a previously unreported photoinduced electron-transfer-quenched probe (HMBQ-Nap 1) that offers highly selective and rapid in vitro detection of this class of biologically important thiols at low concentrations and low probe/thiol ratio, and importantly, very rapid imaging of these biological thiols in human cells. (Chemical Presented)

Securing IoT with Trusted Authority Validation in Homomorphic Encryption Technique with ABE

Existing security system includes levels of encryption. IoT access is very important aspect. Failure of IoT security can cause more risks of physical and logical damage. IoT contain both functionalities including physical or computational process. In proposed approach, levels of encryption are enhanced by increasing levels of security. User can access IoT through central trusted authority only. Instead of actual data like user credentials or I/O functionality of Internet of things, encrypted data is delivered. Trusted authorities are been involved in secured IoT access structure by considering their credentials. Trusted authority is selected randomly, based on randomized selection algorithm. Based on secured logic, decryption key will be delivered to the IoT through separate channel by trusted authority. Session management has been added by considering initial and waiting time after which all encryption or decryption data will be expired. Homomorphism is applied in encryption process where proposed logic is applied on considered data after which again RSA algorithm is applied. Overall, proposed logical approach, homomorphism, session management, secured access structure and trusted authority involvement improves the security level in IoT access process

Enhancing Security Levels at ISP Server Using Multiple Security Techniques with Proposed Crypo Application

The internet is widely used in computing. Security is an important aspect when the quality of service is evaluated and current security possesses high level encryption techniques. However, due to high data saturation and complexity, it is not enough for, only to rely on the common security techniques. In this paper, proposed application named Crypo is installed at both ends, including user and Internet Service Provider (ISP). User can connect to the public internet through providing credentials. Both ends work with same cryptographic techniques and logics. Crypo includes the existing security techniques with proposed logics. Attribute Based Encryption (ABE) is applied to user credentials. Cipher policy applies to data exchange between user and Internet Service Provider (ISP) to form a combined cipher data. Proposed logic is further applied to the binary formatted cipher data. According to proposed logic, the final encrypted binary formatted data are further applied with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to deliver it to the ISP. Decryption is done by the same logic applied to the sender side or vice versa. When data is retrieved by ISP from its end user, it is decrypted by the ISP after which is delivered to the public network in normal format. Four level security keeps the data and user credentials confidential. Intruders or hackers can’t reach to the end user without decrypting the secured data at ISP. While delivering encrypted data, applied logic name is also delivered so that end users can decrypt data using the same logic. By using proposed application Crypo, a secure connection is established between the end user and the ISP. An outsider cannot cause threat to the ISP’s users. Proposed multilevel cryptographic approach enhances the security

Heavy landings of mobulids reported at Cochin Fisheries Harbour, Kerala

Heavy landings of mobulids was seen for four days during 19 - 22 August and again during 31 August - 3 September 2013 at Cochin Fisheries Harbour. During the first phase, around 600 mobulids (16 tonnes) were landed by gillnetters which operated off the coast of Vizhinjam, Kovalam and Colachel. The vessels operated for a period of 5-7 days in the fishing ground 08014’N; 76033’E at a depth of 15 -30 m. The gear used was “ozhukkuvalai” with a square mesh size of 80 - 150 mm. On an average, 15 – 30 numbers of mobulids were landed per boat

Southern sun fish Mola ramsayi (Giglioli, 1883) recorded from Kochi, southwest coast of India

Family Molidae with three genera (Ranzania, Masturus and Mola) and four species are known as the world’s heaviest fishes with a planktivorous diet. Known for their truncated anatomy, these fishes are characterized by lack of caudal bones, ribs and pelvic fins (Tifler, 1980). A southern ocean sunfish Mola ramsayi with total length 111cm and weighing 50kg was landed at Munambam Fisheries Harbour on 6 September 2013

Cellular Immune Responses to Nine Mycobacterium tuberculosis Vaccine Candidates following Intranasal Vaccination

BACKGROUND: The identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccines that elicit a protective immune response in the lungs is important for the development of an effective vaccine against tuberculosis. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study, a comparison of intranasal (i.n.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) vaccination with the BCG vaccine demonstrated that a single moderate dose delivered intranasally induced a stronger and sustained M. tuberculosis-specific T-cell response in lung parenchyma and cervical lymph nodes of BALB/c mice than vaccine delivered subcutaneously. Both BCG and a multicomponent subunit vaccine composed of nine M. tuberculosis recombinant proteins induced strong antigen-specific T-cell responses in various local and peripheral immune compartments. Among the nine recombinant proteins evaluated, the alanine proline rich antigen (Apa, Rv1860) was highly antigenic following i.n. BCG and immunogenic after vaccination with a combination of the nine recombinant antigens. The Apa-induced responses included induction of both type 1 and type 2 cytokines in the lungs as evaluated by ELISPOT and a multiplexed microsphere-based cytokine immunoassay. Of importance, i.n. subunit vaccination with Apa imparted significant protection in the lungs and spleen of mice against M. tuberculosis challenge. Despite observed differences in the frequencies and location of specific cytokine secreting T cells both BCG vaccination routes afforded comparable levels of protection in our study. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE: Overall, our findings support consideration and further evaluation of an intranasally targeted Apa-based vaccine to prevent tuberculosis

Формирование эмоциональной культуры как компонента инновационной культуры студентов

Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders1 and Darwin was one of the first to recognise that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness2. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity, ROH), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power3,4. Here we use ROH to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity (SROH) and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in 1 second (FEV1), general cognitive ability (g) and educational attainment (nominal p<1 × 10−300, 2.1 × 10−6, 2.5 × 10−10, 1.8 × 10−10). In each case increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing convincing evidence for the first time that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples5,6, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection7, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been