The effect of Nira Lontar (Borassus flabellifer Linn) Probiotic Fluid Offered With Multilevel Dosage to Weight and Histopathologic of Broiler Duodenum

Broiler chickens is one type of livestock that can be choose that means to increase the availability of animal protein for Indonesian people. Probiotics that giving in feed and drinking water can suppress mortality and increase livestock productivity. This research is a laboratory experimental research with Post Test Randomized Control Group research design. Treatment for this experimental is to offer lontar palm juice to broiler chickens. The sampling method uses the Simple Random Sampling method because the sample is taken randomly from the population so that all members of the population have equal opportunity to be selected as sample and grouped in 5 groups. After the treatment of each broiler chicken in the group was euthanatic by heart embolization techniques, broilers has been necropsed and duodenum has collected into pots that containing 10% Formalin. The duodenal organ is then sent to Prof DR WZ Johanes Hospital for histopathology preparations and Hematoxiline Eosin (HE) staining. The results of this study can be concluded that the offered of 1 ml/liter Nira Lontar (Borassus flabellifer Linn) probiotic fluid is the optimum dose for broiler weight gain, Nira Lontar(Borassus flabellifer Linn) probiotic fluid 1 ml / liter of water can improve feed efficiency and low FCR levels in broiler, offered of Nira Lontar (Borassus flabellifer Linn) probiotic fluid with multilevel doses (1 ml / liter of water, 2 ml / liter of water, 4 ml / liter of water and 8 ml / liter of water) with 14 day interval time is still safe because there is no histological structure change in broiler duodenum

Predictors for the Emergence of the 2 Multi-nucleoside/nucleotide Resistance Mutations 69 Insertion and Q151M and their Impact on Clinical Outcome in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study

The 69 insertion and Q151M mutations are multi-nucleoside/nucleotide resistance mutations (MNR). The prevalence among 4078 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced individuals was <1.3%. Combined ART fully prevented MNR in subtype B infections. Case-control studies were performed to identify risk factors. Control subjects were patients with ≥3 thymidine-analogue mutations. The 69 insertion study (27 control subjects, 14 case patients) identified didanosine exposure as a risk (odds ratio, 5.0 per year; P = .019), whereas the Q151M study (which included 44 control subjects and 25 case patients) detected no associations. Following detection, individuals with Q151M tended to have lower suppression rates and higher mortality rates, relative to control subjects. Additional studies are needed to verify these findings in non-subtype B infection

Semi-vitrified porous kyanite mullite ceramics: Young modulus, microstructure and pore size evolution

Microporous porcelain formulations are successfully carried out through sintering processing. During the thermal treatment of ceramic products, it was found that the addition of kyanite together with ϕ- and γ-Al2O3 allowed to enhance interconnected pores network with micrometric size from 0.1 to 9 µm in a semi-vitrified composite. Between 1200 and 1350 °C, the mullitization of kyanite hindered the extension of vitrification and the growth of acicular mullite from the transformation of metakaolin. The main pores size decreased from 4.33 to 1.54 µm for the formulation containing 32 wt% of kyanite. In this interval the specific pore area increased from 0.64 to 8.75 m2 g−1 due to the total conversion of the kyanite to fibrous and acicular mullite that reduced the voids provided by the earlier mullitization. The improvement in the mullitization without extensive vitrification and grain growth and the reduction of the pores size with the increase in the specific pore area contributed to the formation of a microporous matrix with the Young's modulus increased from 7 to > 20 GPa. The microstructure of the microporous porcelain, their specific pore area and pores size as well as the interconnection of pores was found innovative for the applications in the field of engineering filtration where high mechanical strength, strain, stiffness and pressure resistance are required

Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Diversity and Tropism in 145 Patients With Primary HIV-1 Infection

Viral diversity during primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) relating to transmission mode, HIV-1 subtypes, and viral tropism was revisited. Varying mucosal barriers were not associated with differences in diversities of founder populations. CXCR4-using viruses are present during PHI but remain exceptional case

A Multicriteria Analysis for the Green VRP: A Case Discussion for the Distribution Problem of a Spanish Retailer

[EN] This research presents the group of green vehicle routing problems with environmental costs translated into money versus production of noise, pollution and fuel consumption. This research is focused on multi-objective green logistics optimization. Optimality criteria are environmental costs: minimization of amount of money paid as externality cost for noise, pollution and costs of fuel versus minimization of noise, pollution and fuel consumption themselves. Some mixed integer programming formulations of multi-criteria vehicle routing problems have been considered. Mathematical models were formulated under assumption of existence of asymmetric distance-based costs and use of homogeneous fleet. The exact solution methods are applied for finding optimal solutions. The software used to solve these models is the CPLEX solver with AMPL programming language. The researchers were able to use real data from a Spanish company of groceries. Problems deal with green logistics for routes crossing the Spanish regions of Navarre, Basque Country and La Rioja. Analyses of obtained results could help logistics managers to lead the initiative in area of green logistics by saving money paid for environmental costs as well as direct cost of fuel and minimization of pollution and noise.This work has been partially supported by the National Research Center (NCN), Poland (DEC-2013/11/B/ST8/04458), by AGH, and by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (TRA2013-48180-C3-P and TRA2015-71883-REDT), and the Ibero-American Program for Science and Technology for Development (CYTED2014-515RT0489). Likewise, we want to acknowledge the support received by the CAN Foundation in Navarre, Spain (Grants CAN2014-3758 and CAN2015-70473)Sawik, B.; Faulin, J.; Pérez Bernabeu, E. (2017). A Multicriteria Analysis for the Green VRP: A Case Discussion for the Distribution Problem of a Spanish Retailer. Transportation Research Procedia. 22:305-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.03.037S3053132

Tracing HIV-1 transmission: envelope traits of HIV-1 transmitter and recipient pairs.

Mucosal HIV-1 transmission predominantly results in a single transmitted/founder (T/F) virus establishing infection in the new host despite the generally high genetic diversity of the transmitter virus population. To what extent HIV-1 transmission is a stochastic process or driven by selective forces that allow T/F viruses best to overcome bottlenecks in transmission has not been conclusively resolved. Building on prior investigations that suggest HIV-1 envelope (Env) features to contribute in the selection process during transmission, we compared phenotypic virus characteristics of nine HIV-1 subtype B transmission pairs, six men who have sex with men and three male-to-female transmission pairs. All recipients were identified early in acute infection and harbored based on extensive sequencing analysis a single T/F virus allowing a controlled analysis of virus properties in matched transmission pairs. Recipient and transmitter viruses from the closest time point to transmission showed no signs of selection for specific Env modifications such as variable loop length and glycosylation. Recipient viruses were resistant to circulating plasma antibodies of the transmitter and also showed no altered sensitivity to a large panel of entry inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies. The recipient virus did not consistently differ from the transmitter virus in terms of entry kinetics, cell-cell transmission and replicative capacity in primary cells. Our paired analysis revealed a higher sensitivity of several recipient virus isolates to interferon-α (IFNα) which suggests that resistance to IFNα cannot be a general driving force in T/F establishment. With the exception of increased IFNα sensitivity, none of the phenotypic virus properties we investigated clearly distinguished T/F viruses from their matched transmitter viruses supporting the notion that at least in subtype B infection HIV-1 transmission is to a considerable extent stochastic

The role of cow urine in the oviposition site preference of culicine and Anopheles mosquitoes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Chemical and behavioural ecology of mosquitoes plays an important role in the development of chemical cue based vector control. To date, studies available have focused on evaluating mosquito attractants and repellents of synthetic and human origins. This study, however, was aimed at seasonal evaluation of the efficiency of cow urine in producing oviposition cues to <it>Anopheles gambiae </it>s.l. and <it>Culex quinquefasciatus </it>in both laboratory and field conditions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Oviposition response evaluation in laboratory conditions was carried out in mosquito rearing cages. The oviposition substrates were located in parallel or in diagonal positions inside the cage. Urine evaluation against gravid females of <it>An. arabiensis </it>and <it>Cx. quinquefasciatus </it>was carried out at Day 1, Day 3 and Day 7. Five millilitres (mls) of cow urine was added to oviposition substrate while de-chlorinated water was used as a control. In field experiments, 500 mls of cow urine was added in artificial habitats with 2500 mls of de-chlorinated water and 2 kgs of soil. The experiment was monitored for thirty consecutive days, eggs were collected daily from the habitats at 7.00 hrs. Data analysis was performed using parametric and non-parametric tests for treatments and controls while attraction of the oviposition substrate in each species was presented using Oviposition Activity Index (OAI).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The OAI was positive with ageing of cattle urine in culicine species in both laboratory and field experiments. The OAI for anopheline species was positive with fresh urine. The OAI during the rainy season was positive for all species tested while in the dry season the OAI for culicine spp and <it>Anopheles gambiae </it>s.l., changed with time from positive to negative values.</p> <p>Based on linear model analysis, seasons and treatments had a significant effect on the number of eggs laid in habitats, even though the number of days had no effect.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Oviposition substrates treated with cow urine in both laboratory and field conditions have shown that cow urine left to age from 1-7 days has an influence on oviposition behavioural response in mosquitoes. The analysis of microbial colonies for decaying urine should be investigated along with its associated by-products.</p

Durability associated efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets after five years of household use

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) have been strongly advocated for use to prevent malaria in sub-Saharan Africa and have significantly reduced human-vector contact. PermaNet^®2.0 is among the five LLINs brands which have been given full approval by the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES). The LLINs are expected to protect the malaria endemic communities, but a number of factors within the community can affect their durability and efficacy. This study evaluated the durability, efficacy and retention of PermaNet^®2.0 after five years of use in a Tanzanian community.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>Two to three day- old non blood-fed female mosquitoes from an insectary susceptible colony (<it>An. gambiae </it>s.s, this colony was established at TPRI from Kisumu, Kenya in 1992) and wild mosquito populations (<it>An. arabiensis </it>and <it>Culex quinquefasciatus</it>) were used in cone bioassay tests to assess the efficacy of mosquito nets.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>The knockdown effect was recorded after three minutes of exposure, and mortality was recorded after 24 hours post-exposure. Mortality of <it>An. gambiae </it>s.s from insectary colony was 100% while <it>An. arabiensis </it>and <it>Cx.quinquefasciatus </it>wild populations had reduced mortality. Insecticide content of the new (the bed net of the same brand but never used before) and used PermaNet^®2.0 was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results of this study suggest that, in order to achieve maximum protection against malaria, public health education focusing on bed net use and maintenance should be incorporated into the mass distribution of nets in communities.</p

Origin of Minority Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Variants in Primary HIV-1 Infection

Background. Drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) minority variants (MVs) are present in some antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive patients. They may result from de novo mutagenesis or transmission. To date, the latter has not been proven. Methods. MVs were quantified by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction in 204 acute or recent seroconverters from the Zurich Primary HIV Infection study and 382 ART-naive, chronically infected patients. Phylogenetic analyses identified transmission clusters. Results. Three lines of evidence were observed in support of transmission of MVs. First, potential transmitters were identified for 12 of 16 acute or recent seroconverters harboring M184V MVs. These variants were also detected in plasma and/or peripheral blood mononuclear cells at the estimated time of transmission in 3 of 4 potential transmitters who experienced virological failure accompanied by the selection of the M184V mutation before transmission. Second, prevalence between MVs harboring the frequent mutation M184V and the particularly uncommon integrase mutation N155H differed highly significantly in acute or recent seroconverters (8.2% vs 0.5%; P < .001). Third, the prevalence of less-fit M184V MVs is significantly higher in acutely or recently than in chronically HIV-1-infected patients (8.2% vs 2.5%; P = .004). Conclusions. Drug-resistant HIV-1 MVs can be transmitted. To what extent the origin—transmission vs sporadic appearance—of these variants determines their impact on ART needs to be further explore

Profound Depletion of HIV-1 Transcription in Patients Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy during Acute Infection

Early intervention resulted in profound depletion of PBMC expressing HIV-1 RNA. This is contrary to chronically infected patients who predominantly showed continuous UsRNA expression on cART. Thus, antiretroviral treatment initiated during the acute phase of infection prevented establishment or expansion of long-lived transcriptionally active viral cellular reservoirs in peripheral blood